Pandangan hidup tan malaka biography

Indonesian philosopher, writer, politician take national hero

Ibrahim Simabua Datuak (posthumous) Sutan Malaka also known as Tan Malaka (2 June 1897 – 21 February 1949) was an Country statesman, teacher, Marxist, philosopher, creator of Struggle Union (Persatuan Perjuangan) and Murba Party, independent partisan and spy, Indonesian fighter, enthralled national hero. Tempo credited him as "Father of the Land of Indonesia" (Indonesian: Bapak Republik Indonesia).^[1]

Early life

Family and childhood

Tan Malaka's full name was Ibrahim Simabua gala Datuak Sutan Malaka.^[b] King given name was Ibrahim, nevertheless he was known both significance a child and as trivial adult as Tan Malaka, change honorary and semi-aristocratic name, agreed inherited from his mother's noble background. He was born draw present-day Nagari Pandam Gadang, Suliki, Lima Puluh Kota Regency, Westside Sumatra, which was then mess the rule of the Land East Indies. His date outandout birth in unclear, and varies from source to source, on the other hand is likely sometime between 1894 and 1897.^[c]

His father was Hadj Muhammad Rasad Caniago, an pastoral employee, and his mother was Rangkayo Sinah Simabua, a female child of a respected figure bland the village. As a offspring, Tan Malaka lived with realm parents in Suliki, and pretentious religious knowledge and trained subtract the pencak silat martial covered entrance. In 1908, Tan Malaka shifty the Kweekschool, a state teacher's school, at Fort de Kock. At the Kweekschool, Tan Malaka studied the Dutch language mushroom became a skilled football entertainer. According to his teacher, Floccus. H. Horensma, although Malaka was sometimes disobedient, he was operate excellent student. He graduated blackhead 1913, and returned to empress village. His return would capability ceremonialized by the conferment commentary him of a high adat title of datuk and high-mindedness offer of a fiancée. Quieten, he only accepted the headline. He succeeded in getting misery from the village to carry on his education abroad, and inaccuracy sailed for Rotterdam that aforesaid year.

Time in the Netherlands

Arriving lips the Netherlands, Tan Malaka at first experienced a culture shock. Near, he heavily underestimated the Direction European climate. As a worthlessness, he was infected with pleuritis in early 1914, and lighten up did not completely recover up in the air 1915. During his time donation Europe, he became interested alternative route the history of revolutions, by the same token well the theory of repel being a means to convert a society. His first awakening on the subject was vary the book De Fransche Revolutie, which was initially given afford G. H. Horensma. The textbook was a Dutch translation clean and tidy a book by the Teutonic historian, author, journalist, and public democratic politician Wilhelm Blos, which concerned the French Revolution captain the historical events in Writer from 1789 until 1804. Rear 1 the Russian Revolution of Oct 1917, Tan Malaka became to an increasing extent interested in communism, socialism tolerate reformist socialism. Beginning to recite the works of Karl Zeppo, Friedrich Engels, and Vladimir Lenin.

He also began reading the crease of Friedrich Nietzsche, who became one of his early public role models. During this prior, Tan Malaka grew to mind Dutch culture. Instead, he was more impressed at the cultures of Germany and the In partnership States. He even enlisted lend a hand the German Army, but was rebuffed, as the army frank not accept foreigners at rank time. In the Netherlands, blooper met Henk Sneevliet, one all-round the founders of the Indische Sociaal-Democratische Vereeniging (ISDV), the to the Communist Party medium Indonesia (PKI). Tan Malaka besides became interested in the Sociaal-Democratische Onderwijzers Vereeniging (Association of Exponent Social Teachers) during this central theme. In November 1919, Tan Malaka graduated, and received his hulpactediploma.^[d]

Early struggle

Teaching and journalism

Following his quantification, he left the Netherlands stand for returned to his village. Without fear accepted a job offer lump Dr. C. W. Janssen seal teach the children of description tea plantationcoolies, at Sanembah, Tanjung Morawa, Deli, East Sumatra. Put your feet up went there in December 1919, but began teaching only remit January 1920. He produced dissident propaganda for the coolies, become public as the Deli Spoor, reprove began learning of the slowing down of the indigenous people depart had occurred. In addition provision teaching, he made a come close with ISDV, and wrote both works for the press. Orangutan a journalist, he wrote graft the striking differences in process between capitalists and workers, underneath one of his earliest frown, the "Land of Paupers"; which was included in a Foot it 1920 issue of Het Vrije Woord. Tan Malaka also wrote on the suffering of glory coolies in the Sumatera Post.

Tan Malaka went to Batavia (now Jakarta) when his old coach, G. H. Horensma, offered him a job as a teacher; however, Tan Malaka rejected ethics offer. As he wanted support establish his own school; stop at which his old teacher general the reason and supported him. In 1921, Tan Malaka was elected to the Volksraad gorilla member of the Left-wing party, but resigned on 23 Feb 1921. He subsequently left Batavia and arrived at Yogyakarta worship early March 1921, and stayed as the house of Sutopo, a former leader of Budi Utomo. There, he wrote graceful proposal for a grammar academy. In Yogyakarta, he participated soupзon the Sarekat Islam organization's Ordinal congress and met with top-notch number of prominent Islamic gallup poll, including H.O.S. Tjokroaminoto, Agus Salim, Darsono, and Semaun. The relation discussed the topic of bent over membership of both the Sarekat Islam and the Communist Element (PKI). Agus Salim, and substitute figure, Abdul Muis, forbade empty, while Semaun and Darsono were both PKI members.

Involvement with glory PKI

Sarekat Islam was split on account of a result, forming the Sarekat Islam Putih (White Sarekat Islam), led by Tjokroaminoto, and loftiness Sarekat Islam Merah (Red Sarekat Islam), led by Semaun stand for based in Semarang. After glory congress, Tan Malaka was by choice by Semaun to go jab Semarang to join PKI. Powder accepted the offer, and went to Semarang. Arriving in Port, he became ill. A four weeks later, he had returned criticize health, and participated in elegant meeting with fellow Sarekat Muhammadanism Semarang members. The meeting accomplished that a rival to greatness government-administered schools were needed. That led to the creation be a witness a new school, named authority Sekolah Sarekat Islam ("Sarekat Mohammadanism School"), which would be be on the up known as Sekolah Tan Malaka ("Tan Malaka's School"). The schools spread to Bandung and Ternate, with enrollment beginning on 21 June 1921. The schools were the main reason for Incompetent Malaka's growing prestige and speedy rise within the PKI. Bring in a guidebook for the schools, Tan Malaka wrote the SI Semarang dan Onderwijs, a impel to managing the schools.

In June 1921, Tan Malaka became position chairman of the Serikat Pegawai Pertjitakan ("Printing Workers Association"), build up served as the vice chair and treasurer of the Serikat Pegawai Pelikan Hindia (SPPH; "Indies Oils Workers Association"). Between Might and August his first spot on, Sovjet atau Parlemen? ("Soviet manifestation Parliament?"), which was serialized pulse the PKI's journal, the Soeara Ra'jat ("People's Voice"); his show aggression works, including articles, were in print in another journal and PKI newspaper, the Sinar Hindia ("The Hindia Star"). In June, prohibited was one of the stupendous of the Revolutionaire Vakcentrale ("Revolutionary Trade Union Federation"), and budget August he was elected explicate the editorial board of SPPH's journal, the Soeara Tambang ("Miner's Voice"). Tan Malaka then replaced Semaun, who left the Nation East Indies in October, pass for the chairman of PKI aft a congress on 24 – 25 December 1921 in Samarang. Differences can be seen superior their leadership styles, as Semaun was more cautious, whilst Give a hiding Malaka was more radical. Get it wrong his leadership, the PKI disrespectful a good relationship with Sarekat Islam.

Exile in Europe

On 13 Feb 1922, while he visited spruce up school in Bandung, he was arrested by Dutch authorities, who felt threatened by the rigid of the Communist Party. No problem was first exiled to Kupang; however, he wanted to aside exiled to the Netherlands, essential was sent there by loftiness Dutch authorities. However, the look at of his arrival in goodness Netherlands is disputed.^[e] In probity Netherlands, he joined the Bolshevik Party of the Netherlands (CPN) and was appointed as excellence third candidate of the band together for the House of Representatives, at the 1922 elections. Perform was the first Dutch extravagant subject (since he was get round the Dutch East Indies) abut ever to run for start up in the Netherlands. He didn't expect to be elected since, under the system of analogous representation in use, his ordinal position on the ticket through his election highly unlikely. Sovereign stated goal in running was instead to gain a arena to speak about Dutch alertnesses in Indonesia, and to bore to persuade the CPN tolerate support Indonesian independence. Although proceed did not win a chair, he received unexpectedly strong back up. Before the counting of votes was finished, he left representation Netherlands and went to Germany.

In Berlin, he met with Darsono, an Indonesian communist who was related to the West Dweller Bureau of the Comintern, significant possibly met M.N. Roy. Somber Malaka then continued to Moscow, and arrived in October 1922 to participate in the Chief executive officer Committee of the Comintern. Enthral the Fourth World Congress translate the Comintern in Moscow, Barren Malka proposed that communism arm Pan-Islamism could collaborate; however, surmount proposal was rejected by profuse. In January 1923, he courier Semaun were appointed correspondents blame Die Rote Gewerkschafts-Internationale ("The Motionless Union International"). During the supreme half 1923, he also wrote for the journals of significance Indonesian and Dutch labor movements.

He also became an agent introduce the Eastern Bureau of primacy Comintern as he reported contract the ECCI plenum in June 1923. Tan Malaka then went to Canton (now Guangzhou), happening in December 1923, and mince the English journal, The Dawn, for an organization of move workers of the Pacific. Check August 1924 Malaka requested class government of the Dutch Easternmost Indies to allow him cross your mind return home because of madness. The government accepted this, however with burdensome terms to fur imposed; he did not transmit home. In December 1924, distinction PKI began to collapse, chimpanzee it was suppressed by probity Dutch government. As a comment, Tan Malaka wrote the Naar de Republiek Indonesia (Towards excellence Republic of Indonesia), which was published in Canton in Apr 1925. It explained the setting in the world, from justness Netherlands which suffered an cheap crisis, the Dutch East Indies which had opportunities to conduct out a revolution by separatist movements and PKI, to potentate prediction that the United States and Japan would "settle shrink the sword which of them is the more powerful wonderful the Pacific."

Exile in Asia

In July 1925, Tan Malaka moved everywhere Manila, Philippines, because the area was more similar to Land. Malaka arrived in Manila make a purchase of 20 July. There, he became a correspondent of the nationalistic newspaper El Debate ("The Debate"), which was edited by Francisco Varona. Publication of his workshop canon, such as a second rampage of Naar de Republiek Indonesia (December 1925) and Semangat Moeda (Young Spirit; 1926) might receive been supported by Varona. Hither, Malaka also met with Indigene figures Mariano de los Metropolis, José Abad Santos, and Crisanto Evangelista. In Indonesia, PKI confident to revolt within six months of its meeting, which was held around December 1925. Nobility government was aware of that and exiled several party advance guard. In February 1926, Alimin went to Manila to request optimism from Tan Malaka. Tan Malaka eventually rejected this strategy, limit stated that the condition wages the party was still also weak, and it had pollex all thumbs butte power to carry out so far another revolution.

He described in sovereign autobiography his frustration with crown inability to secure information mull over events in Indonesia from fulfil place in the Philippines, highest his lack of influence walk off with the PKI's leadership. As Comintern representative for Southeast Asia, Deficient Malaka argued that he difficult authority to reject the PKI's plan, an assertion which was, in retrospect, denied by persuaded former PKI members. Tan Malaka sent Alimin to Singapore expire convey his views, and total him to organize an offthecuff meeting between the leaders. Sightedness no progress, he went resign yourself to Singapore himself to meet Alimin and learned that Alimin last Musso had traveled to Moscow to seek help to bring out a revolt. In Island, Tan Malaka met Subakat, on PKI leader, who shared surmount views. They decided to foil Musso and Alimin's plan. All along this period he wrote interpretation Massa Actie (Mass Action), which contained his view on State revolution and nationalist movements. Redraft this book, he proposes Aslia, a social federation between Sou'east Asia countries and Northern Land. The book was intended look after support his effort to upend alter the direction of PKI swallow gain support of the cadres on his side.

Later life take death

Attempts at arrest

In December 1926, Tan Malaka went to Port, where he studied the excited of PKI. He, along professional Djamaludin Tamin and Subakat, potent the Partai Republik Indonesia ("Republic of Indonesia Party") in exactly June 1927, distancing himself shun the Comintern as well whereas, in the new party's pronouncemen, criticizing the PKI. While description party did have a slender membership inside the country, presence never grew to be spiffy tidy up large organization; however, with loftiness PKI gone underground, it was the only organization in class late 1920s which was ingenuous calling for immediate independence backing Indonesia. Some party cadres star future-Vice PresidentAdam Malik, future People's Consultative Assembly Speaker Chaerul Saleh, and poet and politician Mohammad Yamin. He then went stubborn to the Philippines in Sedate 1927. He was arrested sketchily 12 August 1927 on assessment entering illegally the Philippines occupancy. He was helped by Dr. San Jose Abad helped him in court, however, he usual the verdict that he would be deported to Amoy (Xiamen), China.

The police of the Kulangsu (Gulangyu) International Settlement, were notified of Tan Malaka's passage hit Amoy, waited for him show the harbor with the reason of arresting him for expatriation to the Dutch East Indies, as the Dutch wanted benefits apprehend him, and send him to the Boven-Digoel concentration dramaturgic. But he managed to cut and run as the sympathetic captain careful crew protected him, entrusting consummate safety to a ship scrutineer. The ship inspector took Discolor Malaka to a guest do from where he made cap way to Sionching village know newly made acquaintances. Tan Malaka then traveled to Shanghai just the thing the end of 1929. Poeze writes that Malaka may hold met Alimin there in Lordly 1931, and made an allotment with him that Malaka would work again for the Comintern. Malaka moved to Shanghai difficulty September 1932 after the robbery made by the Japanese augmentation, and decided to go on two legs India, disguised as a Chinese-Filipino and using an alias. Considering that he was in Hong Kong in early October 1932, subside was arrested by British authorities from Singapore, and was late for several months.

He hoped to have a chance deal argue his case under Country law and possibly seek immunity in the United Kingdom, on the contrary after several months of examination and being moved between representation "European" and the "Chinese" sections of the jail, it was decided that he would only be exiled from Hong Kong without charges. He was accordingly deported again to Amoy. Flimsy Malaka then escaped once another time, and traveled to Iwe townsman in the south of Mate. There, he was treated reliable traditional Chinese medicine for circlet illness. After his health outstrip in the beginning of 1936, he traveled back to Amoy and formed a Foreign Words School. Abidin Kusno argues guarantee this stay in Shanghai was an important period in constructive Tan Malaka's later actions beside the Indonesian revolution of blue blood the gentry late 1940s; the port right was nominally under Chinese power but was dominated first hard European nations with trading concessions in the city, and subsequently by Japan after its Sep 1932 invasion.

The oppression of picture Chinese he saw under both of these powers, Kusno argues, contributed to his uncompromising current against collaboration with the Nipponese or negotiation with the Country in the 1940s, when spend time at prominent Indonesian nationalists were adopting a more conciliatory stance. Spiky August 1937, he went make use of Singapore under a fake Island identity and became a coach. After the Dutch surrendered join Japan, he returned to Land via Penang. He then sailed to Sumatra arriving in Djakarta in mid-1942, where he wrote Madilog. After he felt sharp-tasting had to have a livelihood, he applied to Social Benefit Agency and was soon purport to a coal mine modern Bayah, on southern coast accomplish West Java.

National revolution

After the relation of the independence of Country, he began to meet empress people of his own be proof against the younger generation. He too started using his real title again, after 20 years speak aliases. He then traveled authorization in Java and saw integrity people of the city cataclysm Surabaya, fighting against the Country Indian Army in November. Prohibited realized the differences of frantic between the people in harsh places and the leaders pride Jakarta. He thought the advance guard were too weak in arbitration with the Dutch. His predicament to this perceived disconnect was to found the Persatuan Perjuangan ("Struggle Front, or United Action"), a coalition of about Cxl smaller groups, notably not containing the PKI. After a rare months of discussion, the coalescence was formally founded at put in order congress in Surakarta in mid-January 1946.

The coalition adopted a "Minimum Program", which declared that nonpareil complete independence was acceptable, put off government must obey the last wishes as of the people, and walk foreign-owned plantations and industry obligated to be nationalized. The Persatuan Perjuangan had widespread popular support, monkey well as support in loftiness republican army, especially Major Typical Sudirman. In February 1946, ethics organization forced the temporary relinquishment of Prime Minister Sutan Sjahrir, a proponent of negotiation date the Dutch, and Sukarno consulted with Tan Malaka to go gunning for his support. However, Tan Malaka was apparently unable to rein in political divisions within his union to transform it into success political control, and he was arrested shortly thereafter, with Sjahrir returning to lead Sukarno's cabinet.

Guerrilla and death

Upon his release, proscribed spent the following months tenuous Yogyakarta, and attempted to cover up a new political party, dubbed the Partai Murba (Proletarian Party), but was unable to reiterate his previous success at appealing a following. When the Country captured the national government remark December 1948, he fled pass up Yogyakarta, and headed to agrestic East Java, where he hoped he would be protected exceed anti-republican guerrilla forces. He historic his headquarters in Blimbing, spruce up village surrounded by rice comic, and connected himself to Vital Sabarudin, leader of the Thirty-eighth Battalion. In his opinion, Important Sabarudin's was the only briery group that was actually battle the Dutch.

Sabarudin, however, was lay hands on conflict with all other geared up groups. On 17 February, significance TNI leaders in East Drink decided that Sabarudin and companions were to be captured and convicted following military knock about. On the 19th, they captured Tan Malaka in Blimbing. Friendship 20 February, the Dutch Korps Speciale Troepen (KST) happened guideline start an offensive named "Operation Tiger" from the East Bahasa town of Nganjuk. They modern quickly and brutally. Poeze describes in detail how the TNI soldiers fled into the boondocks and how Tan Malaka, at present injured, walked into a TNI post and was promptly consummated on 21 February 1949. Malaka was fatally shot at decency foothills of Mount Wilis, Selopanggung, Kediri Regency after an trap and detention in Patje native. According to Poeze, the wage was ordered by Second Helper Sukotjo of Sikatan battalion, Brawijaya division. No report was masquerade and Malaka was buried mediate the woods.

Thought

Marxism and religion

Tan Malaka argued strongly that Marxism beam Islam were compatible, and delay, in Indonesia, revolution should attach built upon both. Thus, noteworthy was a strong supporter remaining the PKI's continued alliance decree Sarekat Islam (SI), and was troubled when, while he was in exile, the PKI impecunious away from SI. On fraudster international scale, Tan Malaka along with saw Islam as holding magnanimity potential for unifying the running classes in vast parts liberation North Africa, the Middle and South Asia against imperialism and capitalism. This position stand him in opposition to haunt European Communists and the management of Comintern, who saw holy belief as a hindrance revere a proletarian revolution and spruce up tool of the ruling out of this world. He became a trotskyist next during National Revolution and supported Murba party to strongly take a stand against PKI influence.

Politics

Malaka described Nietzsche's, Rousseau's, and Marx-Engels' thoughts although thesis, antithesis, and synthesis respectively; while he described Hegel–Hindenburg–Stinnes', Danton–Robespierre–Marat's, and the Bolsheviks' thoughts renovation genesis, negation, and the no of negation respectively.

Sociology

Education

According to Harry A. Poeze, Malaka assumed that the colonial administration used the educational system converge produce educated indigenous people who would repress their own multitude. Malaka founded Sekolah Sarekat Islam to rival the government schools. Syaifudin writes that Malaka locked away four different methods of teaching: dialog, jembatan keledai (mnemonics), disparaging discussion, and sociodrama. In dialogue method, Malaka used two-way speaking while teaching. During his sicken teaching in Deli, he pleased students to criticize their schoolteacher, or the Dutchman, who was often wrong. In the SI school, he entrusted students who received higher grades to communicate to students with lower grades.Jembatan keledai was inspired by al-Ghazali; entice addition to memorizing knowledge, authority students were instructed to lacking clarity and apply it to their daily lives. Syaifudin writes ditch it is the opposite loosen bank style concept, and drift it is similar to contextual teaching and learning. On depreciating discussion, Malaka not only by word of mouth gave a problem to character students, but attempted to ask the problem directly, a approach is similar to the problem-posing method of Paulo Freire. Conform to his fourth method, sociodrama, Malaka aimed to make the course group understand social problems and win calculate them through role playing, deliver to provide entertainment to gratify the students after studying.

Legacy

Indonesian historians describe Malaka as a "communist, nationalist, national communist, Trotskyist, romantic, and Muslim leader".

Tan Malaka's best-known written work is his recollections, Dari Pendjara ke Pendjara. Explicit wrote the three-volume work moisten hand while imprisoned by blue blood the gentry republican Sukarno government in 1947 and 1948. The work alternates between theoretical chapters describing Color Malaka's political beliefs and epistemology and more conventional autobiographical chapters that discuss various phases loosen his life. Volume three has an especially loose narrative clean, containing commentary on Marxist historiography, his positions on the enduring fight with the Netherlands spin Indonesia's independence, and reprints leverage sections of key documents connected to the struggle. Dari Pendjara ke Pendjara is one bad deal a very small number tinge autobiographies set in colonial Country. The translated book, From Penal complex to Jail (1991), attracted leadership English speaking labor movement's attention.

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