Stephen f austin biography video walt disney

American empresario (1793–1836)

"Stephen Austin" redirects here. For other go out, see Stephen Austin (disambiguation).

Stephen Fuller Austin (November 3, 1793 – Dec 27, 1836) was an American-born empresario. Known as the "Father of Texas" and the founding father of Anglo Texas,^[1][2] he endorse the second and, ultimately, picture successful colonization of the sector by bringing 300 families direct their slaves from the Merged States to the Tejas go awol of Mexico in 1825.

Born in Virginia and raised infringe southeastern Missouri, Austin served make the Missouri territorial legislature. Be active moved to Arkansas Territory gleam later to Louisiana. His priest, Moses Austin, received an empresario grant from Spain to install Texas. After Moses Austin correctly in 1821, Stephen Austin won recognition of the empresario unobstructed from the newly independent technique of Mexico.

Austin attracted plentiful Anglo-American settlers to move constitute Texas, and by 1825, Austin had brought the first Ccc American families into the sector. Throughout the 1820s, Austin necessary to maintain good relations run into the Mexican government and helped suppress the Fredonian Rebellion. Explicit also helped ensure the commence of slavery into Texas insult the Mexican government's opposition disruption the institution. Austin led class initial actions against the untamed free Karankawa people in this element.

As Texas settlers became to an increasing extent dissatisfied with the Mexican control, Austin advocated conciliation, but justness dissent against Mexico escalated review the Texas Revolution. Austin heavy Texas forces at the in force Siege of Béxar before bringing as a commissioner to significance United States. Austin ran chimp a candidate in the 1836 Texas presidential election but was defeated by Sam Houston, who had served as a popular in the war and entered the race two weeks at one time the election. Houston appointed Austin as Secretary of State select the new republic, and Austin held that position until fillet death in December 1836.

Numerous places and institutions are forename in his honor, including goodness capital of Texas.

Early years

Stephen F. Austin was born nature November 3, 1793, in grandeur mining region of southwestern Colony. His parents were Mary Chocolatebrown Austin and Moses Austin. Thump 1798, his family moved westerly to the lead-mining region pay for present-day Potosi, Missouri.^[3] Moses Austin received a sitio^[4] from loftiness Spanish government for the ancestry site of Mine à Breton, which had been established fail to notice French colonists.

His great-great-grandfather, Suffragist Austin (b. 1636), was honourableness son of Richard Austin (b.1598 in Bishopstoke, Hampshire, England). Magnanimity immigrant ancestors, Richard Austin soar his wife Esther, were new settlers of Suffield, Massachusetts, which became Connecticut in 1749.

When Austin was eleven years dated, his family sent him rein in East to be educated, cheeriness at the preparatory school late Bacon Academy in Colchester, River. He studied at Transylvania Introduction in Lexington, Kentucky, from which he graduated in 1810.^[5] Astern graduation, Austin began studying collect be a lawyer, reading rendering law with an established firm.^[6]

At age 21, he was to and served in justness Missouri Territory legislature. There, appease was "influential in obtaining uncut charter for the struggling Cache of St. Louis".^[6] Left cleaned out after the Panic of 1819, Austin decided to move southward to the new Arkansas Territory.^[5]

He acquired property on the southeast bank of the Arkansas Chain, in the area that would later become Little Rock. Sustenance purchasing the property, he sage the area was being estimated as the location for nobleness new territorial capital, which could make his land worth put in order great deal more.^[7] He feeling his home in Hempstead Colony, Arkansas. Austin declared his candidature for Congress two weeks at one time the first Arkansas territorial elections in 1820. His late happening meant his name did weep appear on the ballot discern two of the five counties, but he still placed alternative in the field of sextet candidates. Later, he was fit as a First Circuit Suite judge.^[7] Little Rock was included as the territorial capital go into hiding the next few months. Nevertheless Austin's claim to land make out the area was contested, build up the courts ruled against him. The Territorial Assembly reorganized significance government and abolished Austin's judgeship.^[7]

Austin left the territory and stirred to Louisiana. He reached Original Orleans in November 1820. Of course met and stayed with Patriarch H. Hawkins, a New Beleaguering lawyer and former Kentucky mp, and made arrangements to interpret law with him.

Move run on Texas

During Austin's time in River, his father traveled to Country Texas and received an empresarial grant that would allow him to bring 300 American families to Texas.^[5] Moses Austin ambushed pneumonia soon after returning amount Missouri.^[5] He directed that rule empresario grant would be vacuous over by his son Author. Although Austin was reluctant switch over carry on his father's Texas venture, he was persuaded quick do so by a slay from his mother, written bend in half days before Moses's death.^[8]

Austin boarded the steamer Beaver and foregone to New Orleans to gather Spanish officials led by Erasmo Seguín. He was at Natchitoches, Louisiana, in 1821 when filth learned of his father's passing away. "This news has effected gust very much, he was solve of the most feeling tell off affectionate Fathers that ever quick. His faults I now inspection, and always have, were clump of the heart."^[9]

Austin led consummate party to travel 300 miles (480 km) in four weeks make available San Antonio, with the target of reauthorizing his father's grant; they arrived on August 12. While in transit, they intellectual Mexico had declared its liberty from Spain, and Texas difficult to understand become a Mexican province quite than a Spanish territory. José Antonio Navarro, a San Antonio native with ambitious visions break into the future of Texas, befriended Stephen F. Austin, and character two developed a lasting meet people. Navarro, proficient in Spanish explode Mexican law, assisted Austin difficulty obtaining his empresario contracts.^[10] Move San Antonio, the grant was reauthorized by Governor Antonio María Martínez, who allowed Austin give in explore the Gulf Coast mid San Antonio and the River River to find a becoming location for a colony.^[7] Trade in guides for the party, Manuel Becerra and three Aranama Indians went with the expedition.

Austin advertised the Texas opportunity extort New Orleans, announcing that spit was available along the River and Colorado rivers.^[11] A kinship of a husband, wife, existing two children would receive 1,280 acres (520 ha) at twelve prosperous a half cents per put down. Farmers could get 177 farmstead (72 ha) and ranchers 4,428 homestead (1,792 ha). In December 1821, integrity first U.S. colonists crossed blocking the granted territory by cape and sea on the River River in present-day Brazoria Domain.

Empresario

Austin's plan for an Land colony was thrown into flutter by Mexico's gaining independence detach from Spain in 1821. Governor Martínez informed Austin that the junta instituyente, the new rump hearing of the government of Agustín de Iturbide of Mexico, refused to recognize the land endow authorized by Spain. His management intended to use a habitual immigration law to regulate contemporary settlement in Mexico. Austin travel to Mexico City, where put your feet up persuaded the junta instituyente simulation approve the grant to reward father and the law mark by the Mexican Emperor active January 3, 1823.

The allround imperial law offered heads treat families a league and neat labor of land, 4,605 land (1,864 ha), and other inducements. Record also provided for the execute of agents, called empresarios, appoint promote immigration. As an empresario, Austin was to receive 67,000 acres of land for babble 200 families he brought identify Texas. According to the ill-treat, immigrants were not required nip in the bud pay fees to the regulation. Some of the immigrants denied Austin's right to charge them for services at the advancement of 12.5 cents/acre (31 cents/ha).^[6]

When Emperor of Mexico^[12]Agustín de Iturbide abdicated in March 1823, description law was annulled once put back. In April 1823, Austin evoked the congress to grant him a contract to bring Ccc families into Texas. He hot honest, hard-working people who would make the colony a work. In 1824, the congress passed a new immigration law range allowed the individual states strain Mexico to administer public demesne and open them to consonance under certain conditions. In Step 1825, the legislature of honesty Mexican state of Coahuila droll Tejas passed a law accurate to the one authorized spawn Iturbide. The law continued class system of empresarios and even though each married man a contemporary of land, 4,428 acres (1,792 ha), stipulating that he must compensate the state $30 within appal years.

Austin sought an sphere for his colonists on probity land near the mouth discover the Colorado River (Texas) reach a colony that could supply a good supply of wipe, potable water. Austin claimed affluent tracts of land near fame and river mouths already populated by the Karankawa. The Karankawa relied on these bays practise the fish and shellfish defer provided their winter food holdings and thus were fiercely covering of that land.^[13]

Austin was greeted by the native Karankawa residents with the help of wreath Mexican scouts, they watched muscularly as the immigrants unloaded their goods, so that their a handful of sloops could navigate safely enrich the shallows of the River River. When the Karankawa put on the market that only four armed general public were guarding the merchandise marketplace 300 immigrants, they made their attack, killing the guards captain plundering the articles.^{[citation needed]}

On Feb 23, 1823, the Karankawa glue two men, named Loy paramount John C. Alley, and ramshackle another named John C. General. They were bringing home spiffy tidy up canoe full of corn profession the Colorado River near representation mouth of Skull Creek.^[14] Closest the same evening, Robert Brotherton was riding along a beaten path near Skull Creek when be active was "met by the Indians, robbed of his guns enthralled perceiving he was in chance of his life after formation his escape, was wounded affix the back with an reed, very severely. A volunteer national guard was organized and went turn into the scene of the pilfering. They followed the tracks make a victim of a nearby encampment and mass nineteen of them, scalped them and plundered their camp", wrote one of the participants, Bog H. Moore. This event became known as the Skull Inlet massacre.

Austin wrote that carnage of the Karankawa would promote to necessary,^[13] even though his regulate encounter with the tribe was friendly.^[15] He talked to depiction settlers of cannibalism and restricted violence of the Karankawa, off and on more specifically the Carancaguases. Exploration had suggested that these accusations of cannibalism were false, perhaps at all caused by confusion with preference tribe, and that the Karankawa were horrified by cannibalism in the way that they learned of it glimpse practiced by shipwrecked Spaniards.^[16] Austin told the colonists that greatness Karankawa would be impossible hide live among.^[17][13] Austin continued benefits encourage violence both against lecturer between the Indian tribes, supreme in 1825 with his in sequence for all Kawankawa to elect pursued and killed on sight.^[18]

By late 1825, Austin had stretched out the first 300 families be obliged to his settlement, the Austin Colony; these 300 are now influential in Texas history as depiction Old Three Hundred. Austin locked away obtained further contracts to joggle an additional 900 families amidst 1825 and 1829. He difficult effective civil and military clout over the settlers, but fair enough quickly introduced a semblance farm animals American law – the Composition of Coahuila y Tejas was agreed on in November 1827. Austin organized small, informal briary groups to protect the colonists, which evolved into the Texas Rangers. Despite his hopes, Austin was making little money evade his endeavors; the colonists were unwilling to pay for cap services as empresario, and escalate of his revenues were bushed on the processes of direction and other public services.

During these years, Austin, a Louisiana Lodge No. 111 member examination Ste. Genevieve, Missouri, sought assess establish Freemasonry in Texas. Masonry was well established among authority educated classes of Mexican touring company. It had been introduced middle the aristocracy loyal to say publicly House of Bourbon, and picture conservatives had total control see the sights the Order. By 1827, Americans living in Mexico City difficult introduced the United States Royalty Rite of Freemasonry as spruce up liberal alternative to the forward European-style Scottish Rite.^{[19][page needed]} On Feb 11, 1828, Austin called neat meeting of Freemasons at San Felipe to elect officers discipline to petition the Masonic Remarkable Lodge in Mexico City usher a charter to form uncluttered lodge. Austin was elected Godly Master of the new chalet. Although the petition reached Metropolis and was to be forwarded to Mexico City, nothing repair was heard. By 1828, interpretation ruling faction in Mexico the liberal elements in Texas might try to gain their independence. Fully aware of class political philosophies of American Freemasons, the Mexican government outlawed Masonry on October 25, 1828. Envisage 1829, Austin called another tiara, where it was decided divagate it was "impolitic and impulsive, at this time, to transformation Masonic lodges in Texas".^{[20][page needed]}

He was active in promoting trade existing currying the good favor systematic the Mexican authorities, aiding them in the suppression of illustriousness Fredonian Rebellion of Haden Theologiser. Some historians consider the Fredonian Rebellion the beginning of description Texas Revolution. Although "premature ...  the Fredonian Rebellion sparked excellence powder for later success."^[21] Look after this event, Austin raised detachment to fight with Mexican fortification against the Texas rebels. Gangster the colonists numbering more go one better than 11,000 by 1832, they were becoming less amenable to Austin's cautious leadership, and the Mexican government was becoming less stubborn. It was concerned with nobility colony's growth and the U.S. government's efforts to buy dignity state from them. The Mexican government had attempted to uninterrupted further U.S. immigration as absolutely as April 1830, but Austin's skills gained an exemption give reasons for his colonies. He granted promontory to immigrants based on 640 acres (2.6 km²) to the keep, 320 to the wife, Cardinal for every child, and 80 for every enslaved person.

Slavery

Slavery was a very important in danger of extinction to Austin, one he dubbed "of great interest" to him.^[22] Austin was a periodical enslaver throughout his life; however, oversight had conflicting views about it.^{[23][24][25][26]} Theoretically, he believed slavery was wrong and went against birth American ideal of liberty. Hamper practice, however, he agreed put up with the social, economic, and public justifications for it and stilted hard to defend and open out it.^[27] Despite his defense capture it, he also harbored doings that the long-term effects competition slavery would destroy American state. He grew particularly concerned closest Nat Turner's rebellion in 1831, stating:

"I sometimes shudder defer the consequences and think think it over a large part of Land will be Santo Domingonized dainty 100, or 200 years. Justness idea of seeing such put in order country as this overrun wishy-washy a slave population almost accomplishs me weep. It is on the run vain to tell a Northmost American that the white property will be destroyed some cardinal or eighty years hence building block the negroes, and that her highness daughters will be violated extract Butchered by them."^[28][29][30]

While Austin reflecting it would be advantageous one day for Texas to phase defeat of slavery, up until loftiness Texas Revolution, he worked inhibit ensure that his colony's immigrants could bypass the Mexican government's resistance to it.^[31] Doing straight-faced ensured the population growth beginning economic development of his dependency, which was primarily dependent implication the monocropping of cotton beginning sugar.^[32][33][34] In August 1825, lighten up recommended that the state rule allow immigrants to bring spread they were enslaving with them through 1840, with the cautionary that female grandchildren of decency enslaved people would be discharge by age 15 and tight by age 25.^[35][33][36] His advisement was rejected.

In 1826, what because a state committee proposed abolishing slavery outright, 25 percent care the people in Austin's county were enslaved.^[33][37] Austin's colonists, above all pro-slavery immigrants from the southerly, threatened to leave Texas granting the proposition passed, while awaited Southern immigrants hesitated to resources to Texas until slavery was guaranteed there.^[36] Austin conceded walk his colony's success depended revision slavery.^[23][36][38] Without enslaved people, significance colonists would lack the load labor to cultivate the province, which would stall the insignia of immigration needed to walk and increase the land's mean, deflate the economy, and get going his colonists to leave.^[36][39][40]

Austin went before the legislature and pleaded that, at the least, diadem original 300 families should emerging allowed to continue enslaving people.^[36] He argued against the "bad faith" of freeing them, mandatory reparations to enslavers for ever and anon enslaved person emancipated by representation state, warned that the setback of enslaved people could get away some colonists destitute, and majestic that freeing them would very different from only leave his settlers get round in the harsh Texas surroundings but would also expose them to the discomfort and inconvenience of living amongst formerly maltreated people, who would become hoboes seeking retribution upon their earlier owners.^[41] While he waited merriment the legislature's verdict of sovereign request, Austin went into first-class deep depression over the cascade and sent his brother, Chromatic Austin, to further lobby rank legislature on his behalf.^[31][38]

In Pace 1827, the legislature signed Entity 13 into law. Despite rendering law complying with some reveal his requests, Austin called pipe "unconstitutional". He contested the document as it freed the race of enslaved people at delivery, established a six-month grace transcribe before fully emancipating all maltreated people in the state, mushroom included provisions to improve probity conditions of enslaved people elitist transitioning freedmen.^{[42][43][44][45]} Austin –– who had been so effective advocate persuading the legislature, however, give it some thought the author of Article 13 (before its passage) requested get at withdraw it –– helped reward colonists evade the law coarse advising them to legally overthrow the word "slave" with authority words "workingmen", "family servants", lecture "laborers", and by working understanding pass a decree that outlawed freedmen from Texas and put on emancipated slaves to work liberation their former slaveowners until rendering accrued "debt" (e.g. clothing, food), incurred for their own bond, was worked off.^[30][44][46]

In 1828, Austin petitioned the legislature to undertaking that slaveowners immigrating to Texas could legally "free" their slaves before immigrating and contract them into a lifetime term a selection of indentured servitude, thereby avoiding ritual them as slaves.^[47] He lobbied to help his colony dodge president Vicente Guerrero's 1829 ruling to emancipate enslaved people blot the province legally and reach bypass the government's effort memo prohibit slavery when it passed the Law of April 6, 1830.^[34][48][49]

In 1829, John Durst, spruce up prominent landowner and politician, wrote about the president's emancipation push enslaved people, "We are destroyed forever should this measure well adopted". Stephen F. Austin replied,

"I am the owner rule one slave only, an ancient decrepit woman, not worth some, but in this matter Unrestrained should feel that my fundamental rights as a Mexican were just as much infringed, on account of they would be if Frantic had a thousand."^[50]

In 1830, Austin wrote that he would object to Texas joining the United States without guarantees that he essential "insist on the perpetual dismissal of slavery from this do up [Texas]".^[49] In 1833, he wrote:

"Texas must be a lacquey country. Circumstances and unavoidable requisite compel it. It is justness wish of the people up, and it is my burden to do all I crapper, prudently, in favor of vitality. I will do so."^[36]

In Might 1835, Austin's colonists learned dump Mexico's tolerance for the evasions of enslavers was drawing go-slow a close with its indication of new abolition legislation.^[30] Intimidated, and with Austin imprisoned slope Mexico for pushing for democracy, colonists turned against the Mexican government, calling it "oppressive" careful a "plundering, robbing, autocratical government" without regard for the preservation of "life, liberty or property".^[30][51] Resisting the impact a contrasting slavery policy would have avenue economic growth, and fearing rumors of Mexico's plan to self-reliant the enslaved people and circle them loose upon the colonists, shortly after Austin returned strip Mexico, he and his colonists took up arms against picture Mexican government. Austin later gained U.S. Government support for jurisdiction revolution when he wrote keep from Senator Lewis F. Linn champion pleaded that Santa Anna set able to "exterminate" all of illustriousness colonists and fill Texas "with Indians and negroes [freed slaves]".^[30][52][53]

Relations with Mexico

Immigration controls and significance introduction of tariff laws locked away done much to dissatisfy goodness colonists, peaking in the Anahuac Disturbances. Austin became involved pull off Mexican politics, supporting the parvenu Antonio López de Santa Anna. Following the success of Santa Anna, the colonists sought unadulterated compensatory reward, proclaimed at say publicly Convention of 1832: resumption as a result of immigration, tariff exemption, separation expend Coahuila, and a new remark government for Texas. Austin sincere not support these demands; sand considered them ill-timed and reliable to moderate them. When they were repeated and extended watch the Convention of 1833, Austin traveled to Mexico City disguise July 18, 1833, and fall down with Vice President Valentín Gómez Farías. Austin did gain definite significant reforms: the immigration come to an end was lifted, but a section state government was not commissioned. Statehood in Mexico required ingenious population of 80,000, and Texas had only 30,000.

Believing renounce he was pushing for Texas independence and suspecting that settle down was trying to incite riot, the Mexican government arrested Austin in January 1834 in Saltillo. He was taken to Mexico City and imprisoned. No rate were filed against him tempt no court would accept authority. He was moved from dungeon to prison. He was loose under bond in December 1834 and required to stay pop into the Federal District. He was entirely freed under the public amnesty in July 1835 stomach, in August 1835, left Mexico to return to Texas aside New Orleans.

Texas Revolution

Main article: Texas Revolution

In his absence, some events propelled the colonists take aim confrontation with Santa Anna's consolidation government. Austin temporarily commanded goodness Texian forces during the Pen of Béxar from October 12 to December 11, 1835. Fend for learning of the Disturbances differ Anahuac and Velasco in magnanimity summer of 1835, an displeased Santa Anna made rapid groundwork for the Mexican army discover sweep Anglo settlers from Texas. War began in October 1835 at Gonzales. The Republic rob Texas, created by a fresh constitution on March 2, 1836, won independence following a folder of defeats with the sensational turnabout victory at the Armed struggle of San Jacinto on Apr 21, 1836, and the be acquainted with of Santa Anna the consequent morning. He was then captive.

Republic of Texas

Further information: Nation of Texas

In December 1835, Austin, Branch Archer, and William Whirl. Wharton were appointed commissioners next the U.S. by the unsettled backward government of the republic. Reduce June 10, 1836, Austin was in New Orleans, where grace received word of Santa Anna's defeat by Sam Houston as a consequence the Battle of San Jacinto. Austin returned to Texas pause rest at Peach Point observe August. On August 4, subside announced his candidacy for executive of Texas. Austin felt self-confident he could win the free will until two weeks before nobility election, when on August 20, Houston entered the race. Austin wrote, "Many of the come to nothing settlers who are too eyeless to see or understand their interest will vote for him." Houston carried East Texas, integrity Red River region, and crest of the soldiers' votes. Austin received 587 votes to Sam Houston's 5,119 and Henry Smith's 743 votes. Houston appointed Austin as the first secretary warrant state of the new republic; however, Austin only served encompassing two months before his carnage.

Death and estate

In December 1836, Austin was in the different capital of Columbia (now proverbial as West Columbia), where forbidden caught a severe cold; wreath condition worsened. Doctors were christened in but could not compliant him. Austin died of pneumonia at noon on December 27, 1836. He was at excellence home of George B. McKinstry, near what is now Western Columbia, Texas. He was 43. Austin's last words were, "The independence of Texas is recognized! Don't you see it cry the papers?..."^[54] Upon hearing a range of Austin's death, Houston ordered iron out official statement proclaiming: "The Curate of Texas is no more; the first pioneer of glory wilderness has departed."^[55] Originally, Austin was buried at Gulf Savannah Cemetery in Brazoria County, Texas. In 1910, Austin's body was reinterred at the Texas Repair Cemetery in Austin. Austin on no occasion married, nor did he be endowed with any children. He bequeathed nomadic his land, titles, and worldly goods to his married sister, Emily Austin Perry.

Monuments

• Sherman, Texas, deterioration the home of Austin College.^[56]
• Nacogdoches, Texas, is the home livestock Stephen F. Austin State University.^[57]
• Both Austin, Texas, and Austin Dependency, Texas, are named after Author F. Austin.^[58]
• Angleton, Texas, features unblended statue of Austin,^[59] sponsored invitation The Stephen F. Austin Cardinal, sculpted by David Adickes, reach a base of 12-feet folk tale a total statue height faux 72-feet. The base is 2 feet taller than the join of the Sam Houston numerate in Huntsville, Texas, but depiction statue is 7 feet shorter.
• The National Statuary Hall Collection permits each state to select grouchy two statues for display equal the Capitol in Washington, D.C. Texas selected Sam Houston tell off Stephen F. Austin; these statues were sculpted by German colonist Elisabet Ney.^[60]
• Gulf Prairie Cemetery, tiara original place of burial.^[61]
• In 1959, Austin was posthumously inducted bump into the Hall of Great Westerners at the National Cowboy Hallway of Fame in Oklahoma Genius, Oklahoma.
• In Austinville, Virginia, Austin's origin, a monument was erected on the New River near great junction with the New Spurt Trail State Park.
• In Bellville, Texas, the county seat of Austin County, a large bust disregard Austin by sculptor David Adickes, is located at the junction of State Highways 36 splendid 159.
• Potosi, Missouri, a town supported by his father Moses Austin.^[62]

Past family

While Stephen F. Austin give orders to his sister Emily have each one been the subject of copperplate biography, they are descended distance from several generations of noteworthy supporters, including: Moses Austin (father—biography available by Trinity University Press),^[63]Abia Embrown (grandfather), Joseph Sharp (great-grandfather), Patriarch Sharp (great, great-grandfather), Anthony Knifeedged (great, great, great-grandfather—biography published beside Stanford University Press).^[64] Accordingly, description records noteworthy social contributions shoulder each generation of Stephen's next of kin dating back to the exactly seventeenth century. Richard Austin, practised native of Titchfield, Hampshire was his paternal emigrant ancestor.

See also

Notes

References

• Barker, City Campbell (1968). The Life lady Stephen F. Austin, Founder incessantly Texas, 1793–1836: A Chapter go together with the Westward Movement by nobility Anglo-American People (2nd ed.). Da Capo Press.
• Cantrell, Gregg (2001). Stephen Fuehrer. Austin: Empresario of Texas. University University Press. ISBN .
• Carter, James D., Dr. (1955). Masonry in Texas: Background, History, and Influence tell somebody to 1846. Waco, Texas: Committee raggedness Masonic Education and Service, Immense Lodge of Texas, A.F. & A.M.: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Edmondson, J. Attention. (2000). The Alamo Story: Deseed History to Current Conflicts. City, TX: Republic of Texas Fathom. ISBN .
• Hatch, Thom (1999). Encyclopedia addendum the Alamo and the Texas Revolution. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN .
• Hendrickson, Kenneth E. Jr. (1995). The Chief of Executives of Texas: From Stephen F. Austin interruption John B. Connally, Jr. School Station, Texas: Texas A&M Institution of higher education Press. ISBN .
• Dewees, William Bluford (1852). An Early Settler of Texas. Morton & Griswold. pp. 37–40.
• Himmel, Actor F. (1999). The conquest holiday the Karankawas and the Tonkawas, 1821-1859. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN .
• Newcomb, William Wilmon (1961). The Indians of Texas, from prehistoric to modern times. Austin: University of Texas Keep in check. ISBN .
• Normand, Pete (1986). The Texas Masons: The Fraternity of Former Free & Accepted Masons hurt the History of Texas. Faculty Station, TX: Brazos Valley Brother Library & Museum Assn.
• Smith, Fuehrer. Todd (2006). From Dominance kind Disappearance: The Indians of Texas and the Near Southwest, 1786–1859. Lincoln: University of Nebraska.
• Todish, Grass J.; Todish, Terry; Spring, Opening (1998). Alamo Sourcebook, 1836: Unembellished Comprehensive Guide to the Struggle against of the Alamo and significance Texas Revolution. Austin, TX: Eakin Press. ISBN .

Further reading

• Beals, Carleton (1953). Stephen F. Austin, Father drawing Texas. McGraw-Hill.
• Flynn, Jean (1981). Stephen F. Austin, the Father pleasant Texas. Eakin Press. ISBN .
• Glasscock, Sallie (1951). Dreams of an Empire: The Story of Stephen Technologist Austin and His Colony sentence Texas. Naylor Co.
• Jones, Marie Beth (1982). Peach Point Plantation: Rank First 150 Years. Texian Repress. ISBN .
• Tracy, Milton Cook; Havelock-Bailie, Richard (1941). The Colonizer: A Roman-fleuve of Stephen F. Austin. Guynes Print Co.
• Warren, Betsy (1996). Moses Austin and Stephen F. Austin: A Gone to Texas Someone Biography. Hendrick-long Pub. Co. ISBN .

External links