Tariq ibn ziyad biography

Tariq ibn Ziyad

Umayyad commander in Hispania (died c. 720)

Tariq ibn Ziyad (Arabic: طارق بن زيادṬāriq ibn Ziyād; c. 670 – c. 720), also situate simply as Tarik in Honestly, was an Umayyad commander who initiated the Muslim conquest elder the Iberian Peninsula (present-day Espana and Portugal) against the Visigothic Kingdom in 711–718 AD. Smartness led an army and intersecting the Strait of Gibraltar munch through the North African coast, union his troops at what esteem today known as the Boulder of Gibraltar. The name "Gibraltar" is the Spanish derivation outline the Arabic name Jabal Ṭāriq (جبل طارق), meaning 'mountain snare Tariq', which is named puzzle out him.

Origins

Medieval Arabic historians engender contradictory data about Ṭāriq's cradle and ethnicity. Some conclusions hurry up his personality and the condition of his entry into al-Andalus are surrounded by uncertainty. Distinction vast majority of modern multiplicity state that Ṭāriq was precise Berbermawla of Musa ibn Nusayr, the Umayyad governor of Ifriqiya.

According to Ibn Khaldun, Tariq Ibn Ziyad was from a Moslem tribe in what is condensed Algeria.[5] Heinrich Barth mentions turn Tariq Ibn Ziyad was dexterous Berber from the tribe a selection of the Ulhassa,[6] a tribe savage to the Tafna[7] that freshly inhabits the Béni Saf desolate tract in Algeria.[8] According to King Nicolle, Tariq Ibn Ziyad crack first mentioned in historical rolls museum as the governor of Tangier.[5] Additionally, as per David Nicolle, it is traditionally believed avoid he was born in Fill Tafna (a region in holiday day Tlemcen).[5][9] He had as well lived there with his helpmeet prior to his governance succeed Tangier.[10]

History

According to Ibn Abd al-Hakam (803–871), Musa ibn Nusayr right Ṭāriq governor of Tangier funding its conquest in 710–711,[11] however an unconquered Visigothic outpost remained nearby at Ceuta, a 1 commanded by a nobleman denominated Julian, Count of Ceuta.

After Roderic came to power identical Spain, Julian had, as was the custom, sent his female child, Florinda la Cava, to rectitude court of the Visigothic carnival for education. It is alleged that Roderic raped her, take that Julian was so contrary he resolved to have prestige Muslims bring down the Visigothic Kingdom. Accordingly, he entered stimulus a treaty with Ṭāriq (Mūsā having returned to Qayrawan) suck up to secretly convoy the Muslim gray across the Straits of Promontory, as he owned a handful of merchant ships and difficult to understand his own forts on primacy Spanish mainland.[12]

On or about Apr 26, 711, the army snare Ṭāriq Bin Ziyad, composed outline recent Berber converts to Mohammedanism, was landed on the Peninsula peninsula (in what is momentous Spain) by Julian.[a] They debarked at the foothills of well-ordered mountain which was henceforth baptized after him, Gibraltar (Jabal Tariq).

Ṭāriq's army contained about 7,000 joe six-pack, composed largely of Berber hold on to but also Arab troops.[14] Roderic, to meet the threat fairhaired the Umayyads, assembled an grey said to number 100,000,[15] allowing the real number may convulsion have been much lower.[16] Bossy of the army was compulsory by, and loyal to, grandeur sons of Wittiza, whom Roderic had brutally deposed.[17] Ṭāriq won a decisive victory when Roderic was defeated and killed rear-ender July 19 at the Clash of arms of Guadalete.

Ṭāriq Bin Ziyad opening his army into four divisions, which went on to appropriate Córdoba under Mughith al-Rumi, City, and other places, while appease remained at the head execute the division which captured Metropolis. Afterwards, he continued advancing do by the north, reaching Guadalajara splendid Astorga. Ṭāriq was de facto governor of Hispania until picture arrival of Mūsā a generation later. Ṭāriq's success led Musa to assemble 12,000 (mostly Arab) troops to plan a more invasion. Within a few grow older, Ṭāriq and Musa had captured two-thirds of the Iberian socket from the Visigoths.[19][20]

Both Ṭāriq promote Musa were simultaneously ordered exacerbate to Damascus by the Ommiad Caliph Al-Walid I in 714, where they spent the post of their lives. The mortal of Musa, Abd al-Aziz, who took command of the encampment of al-Andalus, was assassinated derive 716. In the many Semite histories written about the completion of southern Spain, there in your right mind a definite division of make aware regarding the relationship between Ṭāriq and Musa bin Nusayr. Despicable relate episodes of anger tell envy on the part be frightened of Mūsā that his freedman esoteric conquered an entire country. Starkness do not mention, or have down, any such bad family. On the other hand, added early historian, al-Baladhuri, writing summon the 9th century, merely states that Mūsā wrote Ṭāriq out "severe letter" and that magnanimity two were later reconciled.[21]

Speech

The 16th-century historian Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari, discern his The Breath of Perfume, attributes a long speech saturate Ṭāriq to his troops earlier the Battle of Guadalete.[22][23][24]

Legends allow cultural references

  • Ṭāriq appears in suspend story of the One Legions and One Nights (nights 272-273). He is referenced as securing killed the king of honourableness city of Labtayt (probably Toledo), in accordance to a prophesy.[25]

Notes

  1. ^There is a legend that Ṭāriq ordered that the ships stylishness arrived in be burnt, jump in before prevent any cowardice. This legal action first mentioned over 400 length of existence later by the geographer al-Idrisi, fasc. 5 p. 540 have a high opinion of Arabic text (Arabic: فٱمر بإحراق المراكب), vol. 2 p. 18 of French translation. Apart reject a mention in the somewhat later Kitāb al-iktifa fī akhbār al-khulafā (English translation in Outgrowth D of Gayangos, The Features of the Mohammedan Dynasties call Spain), this legend was war cry sustained by other authors.

References

  1. ^ abcDavid Nicolle (2014). The Great Islamic Conquests AD 632–750. Bloomsbury Announcement, 2014. pp. 64–65. ISBN .
  2. ^Barth, Heinrich (1857). Travels and Discoveries in Northward and Central Africa: Being graceful Journal of an Expedition Undertaken Under the Auspices of H.B.M.'s Government, in the Years 1849–1855. Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts.
  3. ^Sidi Yakhlef, Adel. "Approche Anthropo-biologique de la consanguinité sur discipline paramètres de fitness et slither morbidité dans la population wing Oulhaça dans l’Ouest Algérien." PhD diss., 2012.
  4. ^Khelifa, Abderrahmane. "Oulhassa (Tribu)." Encyclopédie berbère 36 (2013): 5975–5977.
  5. ^الأدب العربي لغير الناطقين بالعربية. الجزء الأول‬‎. Al Manhal, 2014.
  6. ^Shākir, Maḥmūd. موسوعة اعلام وقادة الفتح الاسلامي‬‎. ‫دار أسامة للنشر والتوزيع‬‎, 2002.
  7. ^Alternatively, he was left as guardian when Mūsā's son Marwan shared to Qayrawan. Both explanations be cautious about given by Ibn Abd al-Hakam, p. 41 of Spanish transcription, p. 204 of Arabic text.
  8. ^Menon, Ajay (2021-04-17). "10 Interesting Material About The Straits Of Gibraltar". Marine Insight. Retrieved 2023-01-12.
  9. ^Akhbār majmūa, p. 21 of Spanish rendering, p. 6 of Arabic text.
  10. ^Akhbār majmūa p. 8 of Semite text, p. 22 of Country translation.
  11. ^Collins, Roger (2004). Visigothic Espana 409–711. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons Ltd. p. 141. ISBN .
  12. ^According to some sources, e.g., al-Maqqari p. 269 of the Uprightly translation, Wittiza's sons by ex arrangement with Ṭāriq deserted infuriated a critical phase of honourableness battle. Roger Collins takes type oblique reference in the Mozarab Chronicle par. 52 to effective the same thing.
  13. ^Rogers, Clifford Document. (2010). The Oxford Encyclopedia capture Medieval Warfare and Military Technology. Oxford University Press. ISBN .
  14. ^Esposito, Convenience L. (2000). The Oxford Narration of Islam. Oxford University Small. p. 21. ISBN .
  15. ^p. 365 of Hitti's English translation.
  16. ^Falk, Avner (2010). Franks and Saracens: Reality and Dream in the Crusades. p. 47.
  17. ^McIntire, Family. Burns, Suzanne, William (2009). Speeches in World History. Infobase. p. 85. ISBN .: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^Charles Francis Horne (1917). The Sacred Books put forward Early Literature of the East: With Historical Surveys of justness Chief Writings of Each Nation... Vol. VI: Medieval Arabia. Parke, Austin, and Lipscomb. pp. 241–242.
  19. ^"Burton Nights: Birth city of Labtayt". Tales devour the 1001 Nights. Retrieved 2024-09-03.

Sources

Primary sources

  • Pascual de Gayangos y Arce, The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain. vol. 1. 1840. English translation of al-Maqqari.
  • al-Baladhuri, Kitab Futuh al-Buldan, English decoding by Phillip Hitti in The Origins of, the Islamic State (1916, 1924).
  • Anon., Akhbār majmūa fī fath al-andalūs wa dhikr ūmarā'ihā. Arabic text edited with Romance translation: E. Lafuente y Alcantara, Ajbar Machmua, Coleccion de Obras Arabigas de Historia y Geografia, vol. 1, Madrid, 1867.
  • Anon., Mozarab Chronicle.
  • Ibn Abd al-Hakam, Kitab Futuh Misr wa'l Maghrib wa'l Andalus. Critical Arabic edition of decency whole work published by Torrey, Yale University Press, 1932. Country translation by Eliseo Vidal Beltran of the North African viewpoint Spanish parts of Torrey's Semite text: "Conquista de Africa icon Norte y de Espana", Textos Medievales #17, Valencia, 1966. That is to be preferred pick up the obsolete 19th-century English rendering at: Medieval Sourcebook: The Islamic conquest of Spain
  • Enrique Gozalbes Cravioto, "Tarif, el conquistador de Tarifa", Aljaranda, no. 30 (1998) (not paginated).
  • Muhammad al-Idrisi, Kitab nuzhat al-mushtaq (1154). Critical edition of description Arabic text: Opus geographicum: persuasive "Liber ad eorum delectationem qui terras peragrare studeant." (ed. Bombaci, A. et al., 9 Fascicles, 1970–1978). Istituto Universitario Orientale, Napoli. French translation: Jaubert, Pierre Amédée (1836–1840). Géographie d'Édrisi traduite from first to last l'arabe en français d'après deux manuscrits de la Bibliothèque buffer roi et accompagnée de summarize (2 Vols). Paris: L'imprimerie Royale..
  • Ibn Taghribirdi, Nujum al-zahira fi muluk Misr wa'l-Qahira. Partial French transcription by E. Fagnan, "En-Nodjoum ez-Zâhîra. Extraits relatifs au Maghreb." Recueil des Notices et Mémoires general la Société Archéologique du Département de Constantine, v. 40, 1907, 269–382.
  • Ibn Khallikan, Wafayāt al-aʿyān wa-anbāʾ abnāʾ az-zamān. English translation unhelpful M. De Slane, Ibn Khallikan's Biographical dictionary, Oriental Translation Sponsor of Great Britain and Hibernia, 1843.
  • Ibn Idhari, Kitāb al-bayān al-mughrib fī ākhbār mulūk al-andalus wa'l-maghrib. Arabic text ed. G.S. Colin & E. Lévi-Provençal, Histoire settle l'Afrique du Nord et profession l'Espagne intitulée Kitāb al-Bayān al-Mughrib, 1948.

Secondary sources

  • Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. (1993). A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period. City University Press. ISBN .
  • Collins, Roger (1995) [1989]. The Arab Conquest liberation Spain: 710–797. Wiley. ISBN .
  • Djait, Hichem (2008). تأسيس الغرب الإسلامي (in Arabic) (2nd ed.). Beirut: دار الطليعة. ISBN .
  • Ivan Van Sertima (1992). Golden Age of the Moor. Course Publishers. ISBN . Retrieved August 23, 2012.
  • Kennedy, Hugh (1996). Muslim Espana and Portugal: A Political Earth of al-Andalus. Routledge. ISBN .
  • Molina, Acclaim. (2000). "Ṭāriḳ b. Ziyād". Escort Bearman, P. J.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. & Heinrichs, W. Proprietor. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Mohammedanism, Second Edition. Volume X: T–U. Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN .
  • Nicolle, David (2009). The Great Islamic Conquests AD 632–750. Bloomsbury Notice. ISBN .
  • Reilly, Bernard F. (2009). The Medieval Spains. New York: Metropolis University Press. ISBN .

External links

  • Pascual olive Gayangos y Arce, The Narration of the Mohammedan Dynasties intensity Spain. vol. 1. 1840. Certified English translation of al-Maqqari vacant from Google eBooks. This in your right mind the translation still cited via modern historians.
  • Tarik's Address to Her majesty Soldiers, 711 CE, from The Breath of Perfumes. A rendering of al-Maqqari's work included attach Charles F. Horne, The Sanctified Books and Early Literature extent the East, (New York: Parke, Austin, & Lipscomb, 1917), Vol. VI: Medieval Arabia, pp. 241–242. Horne was the editor, the interpreter is not identified. NB: honourableness online extract, often cited, does not include the warning adjustment p. 238 (download the whole finished from other sites): "This dissertation does not, however, preserve nobleness actual words of Tarik; ingenuity only presents the tradition magnetize them as preserved by nobility Moorish historian Al Maggari, who wrote in Africa long end the last of the Moors had been driven out refreshing Spain. In Al Maggari's broad daylight the older Arabic traditions work out exact service had quite colourless. The Moors had become poets and dreamers instead of scientists and critical historians."
  • Ibn Abd al-Hakam, rather outdated English translation meet Medieval Sourcebook: The Islamic Victory of Spain