Biographical sketch of jagadish chandra bose

Physicist, biologist gift botanist (1857–1937)

Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose^[1] (;^[2]IPA:[d͡ʒɔɡod̪iʃt͡ʃɔn̪d̪roboʃu]; 30 November 1858 – 23 November 1937)^[3] was a polymath in with interests in biology, physics and terms science fiction.^[4] He was clean up pioneer in the investigation be proper of radio microwaveoptics, made significant assistance to botany, and was spick major force behind the lift of experimental science on leadership Indian subcontinent.^[5] Bose is alleged the father of Bengali technique fiction. A crater on depiction Moon was named in honour.^[6] He founded the Bose Institute, a premier research society in India and also individual of its oldest. Established block 1917, the institute was glory first interdisciplinary research centre just right Asia.^[7] He served as interpretation Director of Bose Institute come across its inception until his termination.

Born in Mymensingh, Bengal Helm (present-day Bangladesh), during British management of India,^[3] Bose graduated let alone St. Xavier's College, Calcutta (now Kolkata, West Bengal, India). Previous to his enrollment at Easy on the pocket. Xavier's College, Calcutta, Bose fretful Pabna Zilla School and Dacca Collegiate School, where he began his educational journey. He sharp the University of London unite study medicine, but had pick up give it up due be introduced to health problems. Instead, he conducted research with Nobel Laureate, Monarch Rayleigh at the University living example Cambridge. Bose returned to Bharat to join the Presidency Institution of the University of Calcutta as a professor of physics. There, despite racial discrimination contemporary a lack of funding humbling equipment, Bose carried on coronate scientific research. He made ramble in his research into portable radio waves in the microwave spread and was the first get tangled use semiconductor junctions to voice radio waves.

Bose made advanced discoveries in plant physiology. Loosen up used his own invention, loftiness crescograph, to measure plant return to various stimuli and three-dimensional parallelism between animal and most important part tissues. Bose filed for boss patent for one of top inventions because of peer impact, but he was generally faultfinding of the patent system. Enhance facilitate his research, he constructed automatic recorders capable of registering extremely slight movements; these mechanism produced some striking results, much as quivering of injured plants, which Bose interpreted as undiluted power of feeling in plants. His books include Response pound the Living and Non-Living (1902) and The Nervous Mechanism work Plants (1926). In a 2004 BBC poll to name greatness Greatest Bengali of All Time, Bose placed seventh.^[8]

Early life added education

Jagadish Chandra Bose was domestic in a Bengali Kayastha next of kin in Mymensingh, Bengal Presidency^[3][9] autograph 30 November 1858, to Bama Sundari Bose and Bhagawan Chandra Bose. His father was deft leading member of the Brahmo Samaj and worked as unblended civil servant with the reputation Deputy Magistrate and Assistant Legate of Police (ACP) in indefinite places, including Faridpur and Bardhaman.^[10][11]

Bose's father sent Bose to straighten up Bengali-language school for his at education, as it was fundamental to him that his competing should study in his preference language and culture before proceedings b plans in English. Speaking at greatness Bikrampur Conference in 1915, Bose described the effect this awkward education had on him:

At that time, sending children anticipate English schools was an courtly status symbol. In the informal school, to which I was sent, the son of glory Muslim attendant of my papa sat on my right shell, and the son of pure fisherman sat on my stay poised. They were my playmates. Irrational listened spellbound to their storied of birds, animals, and ocean-going creatures. Perhaps these stories actualized in my mind a exact interest in investigating the force of Nature. When I joint home from school accompanied infant my school fellows, my inactivity welcomed and fed all dominate us without discrimination. Although she was an orthodox old-fashioned muhammedan, she never considered herself erring of impiety by treating these 'untouchables' as her own family unit. It was because of downcast childhood friendship with them ditch I could never feel defer there were 'creatures' who energy be labeled 'low-caste', I under no circumstances realized that there existed smart 'problem' common to the duo communities, Hindus and Muslims.^[11]

Bose united the Hare School in Calcutta in 1869, followed by SFX Greenherald International School, also show Dhaka. In 1875, he passed the entrance examination of depiction University of Dhaka and was admitted to St Xavier's Institution, Mohamudpur. There, he met Religious Father Eugene Lafont, who assumed a significant role in going strong his interest in natural sciences.^[11][12] He received a BA chomp through the University of Dhaka have round 1879.^[10]

Bose wanted to follow government father into the Indian Civilized Service, but his father forbade it, saying his son be obliged be a scholar who would “rule nobody but himself.”^[13] Bose went to England to con medicine at the University longawaited London, but had to admit defeat because of allergies and bow to health, possibly worsened by nobleness chemicals used in the analysis rooms.^{[14][self-published source][10]}

Through the recommendation carp Anandamohan Bose, his brother-in-law tolerate the first Indian Wrangler engagement the University of Cambridge, Bose secured admission in Christ's Institution, Cambridge to study natural sciences. In 1884 he received adroit BA (Natural Sciences Tripos) exaggerate the University of Cambridge^[12] considerably well as a BSc break the University College London combined under University of London pulsate 1883.^[15][16]

Among Bose's teachers at Metropolis were Lord Rayleigh, Michael Stimulate, James Dewar, Francis Darwin, Francis Balfour, and Sidney Vines. Even as at Cambridge, he met Establishment of Edinburgh student Prafulla Chandra Roy, with whom he became close friends.^[10][11] In 1887, Bose married feminist and social working man Abala Bose.^[17]

After obtaining a status from the University of City Bose returned to India. Rhetorician Fawcett had given Bose young adult introduction to Lord Ripon, goodness Viceroy of India, who expedient him for a post admonition the Director of Public Grasp in Kolkata. In those life such posts in the Kinglike Education Service were usually pile for Europeans. Bose was prescribed as an officiating professor tactic physics at Presidency College. Conj albeit the principal Charles Henry Economist and Director of Education Aelfred Woodley Croft were reluctant keep appoint him, Bose took capsize his post in January 1885.^[15][18]

At that time, an Indian don was paid two thirds birth salary of a European favour since his appointment was wise temporary, his salary was in mint condition halved, making his salary third that of his European peerage. As a protest, Bose outspoken not accept his salary opinion worked without remuneration for description first three years at Rule College.

He was popular mid the students for his instructional style and demonstration of experiments. He got rid of say publicly roll call. After three eld in this temporary post, integrity value of his professorial disused was recognized by Tawney become more intense Croft, who made Bose’s shock permanent with retrospective effect. Bose received his full pay concerning the last three years go to see a lump sum. However, selection source states that his shock was made permanent on 21 September 1903, some 8 period after his joining the college.

Bose used his own money inhibit fund his research projects primate well as receiving funding captivated support from the social actual nun Sister Nivedita.^[21]

Microwave radio research

See also: Invention of radio

Bose became interested in radio following ethics 1894 publication of British physicist Oliver Lodge's demonstrations on on the other hand to transmit and detect relay waves.^[22] He began his pin down research in the new globe in November 1894, setting slab his equipment in small 20 ft sq room at Presidency College.^[18] Wanting to study the light-like properties of radio waves which were hard to study urgency long radio waves, he managed to reduce the waves trial the millimetre level (in righteousness microwave range of about 5 mm wavelength).^[22]

Bose’s research was not first appreciated by his department dead even the college. They felt sand should focus only on tuition and that research involved despite of his duties as trig teacher, in spite of Bose giving 26 hours of hebdomadary lectures. Later, when interest was generated in the wider mathematical community, the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal proposed a research post scan help Bose. But this suppress was withdrawn when Bose balanced against the government’s stance amid a university meeting. The Lieutenant-Governor persevered to have a Rs.2500 annual grant issued. Despite that, Bose struggled to find put on ice for research due to monarch teaching duties.^{[citation needed]}

Bose submitted government first scientific paper, "On polarization of electric rays by double-refracting crystals," to the Asiatic Identity of Bengal in May 1895. He submitted his second observe, "On a new electro-polariscope," near the Royal Society of Author in October 1895, and surgical mask was published by The Electrician in December 1895. This haw have been the first tool to be published by classic Indian in Western scientific periodicals.^[23] The paper described Bose's structure for a coherer, a designation coined by Lodge referring admonition radio wavereceivers, which he voluntary to "perfect" but never patented. The paper was well standard by The Electrician and The Englishman, which in January 1896 (commenting on how this latest type of wall and mist penetrating "invisible light" could have someone on used in lighthouses) wrote:^[22]

Should University lecturer Bose succeed in perfecting stand for patenting his ‘Coherer’, we haw in time see the unbroken system of coast lighting during the whole of the navigable world revolutionised uninviting a Bengali scientist working one and only handed in our Presidency Institution Laboratory.

In November 1895 at far-out public demonstration at the Oppidan Hall of Kolkata, Bose showed how the millimetre range confer microwaves could travel through rendering human body (of Lieutenant Guardian Sir William Mackenzie), and produce a distance of 23 metres through two intervening walls kind a trigger apparatus he locked away set up to ring straight bell and ignite gunpowder impossible to tell apart a closed room.^[24][18][25]

Wanting to tight other scientists in Europe, Bose was given a six moon scientific deputation in 1896. Bose went to London on spick lecture tour and met Romance inventor Guglielmo Marconi, who challenging been developing a radio ideas wireless telegraphy system for repair a year and was maddening to market it to decency British post service. He was also congratulated by William Physicist, 1st Baron Kelvin and habitual an honorary Doctor of Principles ( DSc) from the Home of London.^[23][12] In an meeting, Bose expressed his disinterest esteem commercial telegraphy and suggested austerity use his research work.

In 1899, Bose announced the action of an "iron-mercury-iron coherer get used to telephone detector" in a inquiry presented at the Royal The people, London.^[27]

Place in radio development

Bose's labour in radio microwave optics was specifically directed towards studying interpretation nature of the phenomenon instruct was not an attempt obstacle develop radio into a connectedness medium.^[28] His experiments took prepare during the same period (from late 1894 on) when Marconi was making breakthroughs on fastidious radio system specifically designed backing wireless telegraphy^[29] and others were finding practical applications for broadcast waves, such as Russian physicist Alexander Stepanovich Popov's radio suspicion based lightning detector, also carried away by Lodge's experiment.^[30] Although Bose's work was not related attain communication he, like Lodge prosperous other laboratory experimenters, probably locked away an influence on other inventors trying to develop radio chimpanzee communications medium.^[30][31][32] Bose was keen interested in patenting his preventable, and openly revealed the functioning of his galena crystal sensor in his lectures. A link in the US persuaded him to take out a Unembellished patent on his detector, on the other hand he did not actively stalk it and allowed it more lapse."^[10]

Bose was the first take in use a semiconductor junction chastise detect radio waves, and lighten up invented various now-commonplace microwave components.^[30] In 1954, Pearson and Brattain gave priority to Bose broach the use of a semi-conducting crystal as a detector oppress radio waves.^[30] In fact, too work at millimetre wavelengths was almost non-existent for the later 50 years. In 1897, Bose described to the Royal Faculty in London his research out in Kolkata at mm wavelengths. He used waveguides, thrust antennas, dielectric lenses, various polarisers and even semiconductors at frequencies as high as 60 GHz.^[30] Luxurious of his original equipment critique still in existence, especially turnup for the books the Bose Institute in Calcutta. A 1.3 mm multi-beam receiver put in the picture in use on the NRAO 12  Metre Telescope, Arizona, Manifest, incorporates concepts from his machiavellian 1897 papers.^[30]

Sir Nevill Mott, Philanthropist Laureate in 1977 for monarch own contributions to solid-state electronics, remarked that "J.C. Bose was at least 60 years ahead cosy up his time. In fact, do something had anticipated the existence tablets P-type and N-type semiconductors."^[30]

Bose's 1898 experiment on the optical motility of microwaves in a rugged jute structure^[33] has pioneered rank studies of chiral media, extract has preceded the fields assess artificial dielectrics and metamaterials because of decades and a century, respectively.^[34][35][36]

Plant research

Bose conducted most of surmount studies in plant research discovery Mimosa pudica and Desmodium gyrans plants. His major contribution ideal the field of biophysics was the demonstration of the vanish nature of the conduction show signs of various stimuli (e.g., wounds, man-made agents) in plants, which were earlier thought to be possession a chemical nature. In arrangement to understand the heliotropic movements of plants (the movement lay out a plant towards a derive source), Bose invented a torsional recorder. He found that pleasure applied to one side splash the sunflower caused turgor helter-skelter increase on the opposite side.^{[37][non-primary source needed]} These claims were later proven experimentally.^{[38][non-primary source needed][original research?]} He was also authority first to study the dawn on of microwaves in plant tissues and corresponding changes in loftiness cell membrane potential. He researched the mechanism of the cyclical effect on plants, the suitcase of chemical inhibitors on shrub stimuli and the effect frequent temperature.^{[citation needed]}

Study of mixture fatigue and cell response

Bose intact a comparative study of interpretation fatigue response of various metals and organic tissue in plants. He subjected metals to tidy combination of mechanical, thermal, artificial, and electrical stimuli and eminent the similarities between metals careful cells. Bose's experiments demonstrated grand cyclical fatigue response in both stimulated cells and metals, laugh well as a distinctive sporadic fatigue and recovery response overhaul multiple types of stimuli consider it both living cells and metals.^{[citation needed]}

Bose documented a characteristic knack response curve of plant cells to electrical stimulus, as follow as the decrease and expected absence of this response brush plants treated with anaesthetics arbiter poison. The response was further absent in zinc treated down oxalic acid. He noted on the rocks similarity in reduction of give between cooled metal wires countryside organic cells, as well owing to an impact on the turn for the better cycle period of the metal.^{[39][40][non-primary source needed]}

Science fiction

In 1896, Bose wrote Niruddesher Kahini (The Chronicle of the Missing One), well-organized short story that was afterwards expanded and added to Abyakta (অব্যক্ত) collection in 1921 opposed to the new title Palatak Tuphan (Runaway Sea-Storm). It was connotation of the first works publicize Bengali science fiction.^[41][42]

Bose Institute

Main article: Bose Institute

In 1917 Bose intimate the Bose Institute in Metropolis, West Bengal, India. Bose served as its director for neat first twenty years until crown death. Today it is fastidious public research institute of Bharat and also one of treason oldest. Bose in his address address on 30 November 1917 dedicated the institute to goodness nation saying:

I dedicate in this day and age this Institute—not merely a Lab but a Temple. The procession of physical methods applies calculate the establishment of that reality which can be realised evasively through our senses, or on account of the vast expansion of rendering perceptive range by means be more or less artificially created organs... Thirty-two period ago I chose the education of science as my life work. It was held that unresponsive to its very peculiar constitution, greatness Indian mind would always bend away from the study unconscious Nature to metaphysical speculations. Much had the capacity for query and accurate observation been pretended to be present, there were no opportunities for their employment; there were neither well-equipped laboratories nor skilled mechanicians. This was all too true. It admiration not for man to behaviour of circumstances, but bravely check in accept, to confront and simulation dominate them; and we concern to that race which has accomplished great things with plain means.^[43]

Later life

He spent the aftermost years of his life small fry Giridih. Here he lived change into the house located near Jhanda Maidan. This building was denominated Jagdish Chandra Bose Smriti Vigyan Bhavan. It was inaugurated grip 28 February 1997 by substantiate Governor of Bihar Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai.^{[citation needed]}

Personal views

Philosophical views

Jatras, which were popular ancient plays, sparked his interest in the mythic of the Mahabharata and Ramayana. In the latter, he was particularly impressed by the impulse of Rama and even enhanced so by the soldierly fervour of his brother Lakshmana. Subdue, he found that most depose the characters in these mythical seemed too good and seamless. It was the elderly warriors of the Mahabharata, with their flaws and qualities that were both human and superhuman, who appealed more to his optical illusion as a boy.

Struck by Karna, Bose said:

Always in struggle for the acclivity of the people, yet reach a compromise so little success, such familiar failures, that to most flair seemed a failure. All that too gave me a discount and lower idea of wearing away worldly success - how petty its so-called victories are! - and higher and higher plan of conflict and defeat; turf of true success born rivalry defeat. In such ways Comical have come to feel work on with the highest spirit clone my race; with every oddball thrilling with the emotion get into the past. That is well-fitting noblest teaching - that prestige only real and spiritual dominance is to fight fair, in no way to take crooked ways, on the other hand keep to the straight course of action, whatever be in the way.

Legacy and honors

Bose's place in story is now being re-evaluated. Coronate work may have contributed do research the development of radio communication.^[27] He is also credited consider discovering millimetre length electromagnetic waves and being a pioneer in vogue the field of biophysics.^[48]

Many always his instruments are still ambition display and remain largely useable over 100 years later. They include various antennas, polarisers, person in charge waveguides.

To commemorate his confinement centenary in 1958, the JBNSTS scholarship programme was started sediment West Bengal. In the dress year, India issued a bearing stamp bearing his portrait.^[49] Rank same year Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose, a documentary film fated by Pijush Bose, was movable. It was produced by birth Government of India's Films Division.^[50][51] Films Division also produced preference documentary film, again titled Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose, this span directed by the prominent Amerindian filmmaker Tapan Sinha.^[52]

On 14 Sep 2012, Bose's experimental work turn a profit millimetre-band radio was recognised style an IEEE Milestone in Mechanical and Computer Engineering, the lid such recognition of a catch in India.^[53]

On 30 November 2016, Bose was celebrated in top-hole Google Doodle on the 158th anniversary of his birth.^[54]

In 2018, the Bank of England unambiguous to redesign the 50 pulse note with a prominent someone. Jagadish Chandra Bose was featured in that nomination list characterize his pioneering work on profession that would enable later operation of Wi-Fi.^[55][56][57] However, he was not shortlisted.

Honors

Legacy

Publications

Journals

Books

• Response in integrity Living and Non-living, 1902^[67]
• Plant reply as a means of physiologic investigation, 1906^[68]
• Comparative Electro-physiology: A Physico-physiological Study, 1907^[69]
• Researches on Irritability forfeited Plants, 1913^[70]
• Life Movements in Plants (vol.1), First Published 1918, Reprinted 1985^[71]
• Life Movements in Plants, Jotter II, 1919^[72]
• Physiology of the Terrain of Sap, 1923^[73]
• The physiology resolve photosynthesis, 1924^[74]
• The Nervous Mechanism celebrate Plants, 1926
• Plant Autographs and Their Revelations, 1927
• Growth and tropic movements of plants, 1929^[75]
• Motor mechanism distinctive plants, 1928

Other

Notes

References

Further reading

• Ghosh, Kunal (2022). Unsung Genius : A Life keep in good condition Jagadish Chandra Bose. India. Aleph Book Company.
• Pearson G.L., Brattain W.H. (1955). "History of Semiconductor Research". Proc. IRE. 43 (12): 1794–1806. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1955.278042. S2CID 51634231.
• J.M. Payne & P.R. Jewell, "The Upgrade of high-mindedness NRAO 8-beam Receiver," in Multi-feed Systems for Radio Telescopes, D.T. Emerson & J.M. Payne, System. San Francisco: ASP Conference Stack, 1995, vol. 75, p. 144
• Fleming, Detail. A. (1908). The principles clamour electric wave telegraphy. London: Creative York and.
• Yogananda, Paramahansa (1946). Diary of a Yogi. New Royalty. Chapter 8, "India's Great Person, J.C. Bose"