Symeon the new theologian biography books

10th and 11th-century Christian saint, monk, and theologian

Saint Symeon the New Theologian (Greek: Συμεὼν ὁ Νέος Θεολόγος; 949–1022) was an Eastern Orthodox anchoress and poet who was look after of the four saints empyrean by the Eastern Orthodox Religion and given the title pay "Theologian" (along with Saint Ablutions the Apostle, Saint Gregory confiscate Nazianzus, and Saint Hesychius righteousness Priest of Jerusalem). "Theologian" was not applied to Symeon minute the modern academic sense influence theological study; the title was intended only to recognize vulnerable who spoke from personal approach of the vision of Demigod. One of his principal objective was that humans could scold should experience theoria (literally "contemplation," or direct experience of God).

Symeon was born into influence Byzantine nobility and given trim traditional education. At age xiv he met Symeon the Studite, a renowned monk of greatness Monastery of Stoudios in Constantinople, who convinced him to compromise his own life to appeal and asceticism under the senior Symeon's guidance. By the leave to another time he was thirty, Symeon rank New Theologian became the archimandrite of the Monastery of Ideal Mamas, a position he spoken for for twenty-five years. He intent many monks and clergy colleague his reputation for sanctity, in spite of his teachings brought him be converted into conflict with church authorities, who would eventually send him search exile. His most well notable disciple was Nicetas Stethatos who wrote the Life of Symeon.

Symeon is recognized as character first Eastern Christian mystic understand freely share his own unclear experiences. Some of his pamphlets are included in the Philokalia, a collection of texts preschooler early Christian mystics on reflective prayer and hesychast teachings. Symeon wrote and spoke frequently stare at the importance of experiencing in a straight line the grace of God, many times talking about his own journals of God as divine illumination. Another common subject in fillet writings was the need admire putting oneself under the leadership of a spiritual father. High-mindedness authority for many of her majesty teachings derived from the maxims of the Desert Fathers, inauspicious Christian monks and ascetics. Symeon's writings include Hymns of Godly Love, Ethical Discourses, and The Catechetical Discourses.

Biography

Early life

The minutiae of Symeon's life come yield his own writings and devour the Life of Symeon, predetermined by his disciple Nicetas. Earth was born at Basileion contact Galatia to Basil and Theophano Galaton, members of the Involved nobility who supported the Slavic dynasty. His given name attractive birth is unclear—it was usual at that time, when toadying a monk, to take check a new name with influence same initial as one's origin name. Symeon may have disregarded that tradition in order single out for punishment take the same name in that his spiritual father, Symeon nobleness Studite. In his writings, inaccuracy sometimes described the experiences get a hold "George," which might have archaic his birth name.^[2] Symeon agreed a basic Greek school cultivation until the age of 11, when an uncle recognized cruise he had potential for more learning. The uncle helped Symeon to complete his secondary training at the court of depiction emperor Basil II and top brother Constantine VIII.^[3]

At age 14, he met Symeon the Studite (also called Symeon the Pious), a holy monk of prestige Monastery of Stoudios in Constantinople. That meeting convinced the from the past Symeon to forgo higher raising and take on Symeon high-mindedness Studite as his spiritual clergyman. At that time he began studying the life of supplication and asceticism under his teaching, with the desire to in no time enter the monastery. Symeon integrity Studite asked the young Symeon to wait before becoming practised monk, so he spent leadership years until age twenty-seven plateful in the household of great patrician, though according to cruel sources he served the sovereign instead.^[4]

Living a worldly life extensive the day, he reportedly prostrate his evenings in vigils ride prayer, putting into practice say publicly writings of two authors—Marcus Eremita and Diadochos of Photiki—that were given to him by surmount spiritual father.^[4] It was generous this time that Symeon difficult his first experience of Genius as divine light, as why not? described later in one bring in his Discourses (Disc. 22.2–4). Significant attributed the experience to leadership prayers of Symeon the Studite. In spite of the knowledge, the young Symeon confessed range he still fell into lay ways of living.^[5] Direct identifiable experience of God was tolerate become one of Symeon's main teachings in his writings, present-day to the monks who followed him.^[6]

Abbot of Saint Mamas monastery

At age twenty-seven, he entered authority Monastery of Stoudios, giving coronet life over completely to discipleship to his teacher Symeon significance Studite. The elder Symeon was not an ordained priest, however a simple monk who was considered holy by many general public. The younger Symeon was besides zealous in his practices view in following his teacher—to specified an extent that the archimandrite of the monastery insisted renounce Symeon leave after only undiluted few months.^[7]

Following the elder Symeon's advice, he left for magnanimity nearby Monastery of Saint Mamas in Constantinople, which was ostensible as run down, both lend substance and spiritually. During his span at Saint Mamas he spread to follow Symeon the Studite's guidance. Within three years tail moving to Saint Mamas, Symeon was tonsured as a 1 ordained as a priest, dominant elected as the abbot cherished the monastery. He spent high-mindedness next twenty-five years as superior of Saint Mamas, attracting spend time at monks and clergy with empress reputation for learning and sanctity.^[8]

Not all of the monks were attracted by Symeon's zealous fit. Symeon attempted to reform primacy Byzantine monasteries, where monks confidential become subservient to the monarch and had acquired large property of property, libraries, and thought. His writings and teachings were aimed at returning the monasteries to their traditional role intricate the early church, urging probity monks to take up precise life of simplicity, asceticism, virginity of heart, and constant supplication. The strict monastic discipline tend which Symeon aimed upset some monks in the monastery.^[9] Symeon also took a more fervent approach to worship, suggesting go off at a tangent a monk shouldn't take ethics sacrament without tears. The unveiling of vegetarian meals, along fit other unique practices to introduce discipline and humility, also caused some displeasure among the monks.^[10]

Fifteen years after becoming abbot, of a nature morning after the Divine Rite a group of approximately cardinal monks rose against Symeon, who drove them away. Breaking significance locks on the monastery parcel on their way out, honesty monks took their appeal put in plain words the Patriarch Sisinios, who biased with Symeon and sent decency monks into exile. Symeon pleaded on their behalf, doing nature he could to have justness monks return to the cloister, including seeking out some provide the monks to apologize join them.^[10][11] During his time restructuring abbot, Symeon wrote Hymns confront Divine Love (completed during circlet exile), the Discourses, and assorted letters and polemical works which have been lost. He as well wrote articles relating to coronate disputes with the church theologians—these survived as his theological illustrious ethical treatises.^[12] In 1005 Symeon resigned as abbot of Ideal Mamas, appointing one of enthrone disciples in his stead, esoteric taking up a more solo life at the monastery.^[13]

Opposition depart from the church

Symeon endured severe resistance from church authorities, particularly alien the chief theologian of decency emperor's court, Archbishop Stephen, who at one time was nobility Metropolitan of Nicomedia. Stephen was a former politician and deputy with a reputation for unblended thorough theoretical understanding of field, but one which was lessen from actual experience of illustriousness spiritual life. Symeon, in oppose, held the view that work out must have actual experience be required of the Holy Spirit in groom to speak about God, dubious the same time recognizing probity authority of scripture and acquisition the earlier church fathers. Their differing views on the inception of authority to speak classification spiritual matters was the build of several years of furious conflict, ending with Symeon's ultimate exile.^[14]

Stephen found fault with Symeon especially for his charismatic near, and his support of be incorporated direct experience of God's mannerliness. Symeon believed that direct practice gave monks the authority scheduled preach and give absolution carefulness sins, without the need extend formal ordination—as practiced by culminate own teacher, Symeon the Studite. Church authorities also taught stick up a speculative and philosophical point of view, while Symeon taught from climax own direct mystical experience.^[15] Symeon's teachings, especially those regarding rank direct experience of God's stomach-churning, brought accusations of heresy immigrant Stephen. Symeon responded to Stephen's charges by declaring that interpretation real heresy was to educate that it is impossible interrupt have direct experience of Demiurge (Disc. 29.4).^[16]

Stephen also found drawback with Symeon for revering rulership spiritual father, Symeon the Studite. At that time, formal furl of saints was seldom schooled and not obligatory, so venerable monks were informally recognized alight honored by monasteries and inured to their disciples. Every year dignity younger Symeon arranged a party honoring his teacher, which facade an icon of Symeon picture Studite and a service be adjacent to him. Stephen rebuked Symeon ask for honoring his teacher as top-hole saint, because in his misunderstanding the Studite was not upright of any honor.^[17] The war between the two lasted six years.^[18]

Stephen was finally sombre to bring Symeon before righteousness Synod on charges of conformity as a saint someone who Stephen believed was far plant saintly. At first, Patriarch Sergius II of Constantinople supported Symeon, going so far as draw attention to send candles and perfume block support of the veneration have a high regard for Symeon the Studite at Fanatical. Mammas. Stephen attacked the Studite as unholy and sinful, status was eventually able to win over others that Symeon's homage was improper by convincing them renounce the Studite held some casual beliefs. As a compromise, Writer suggested that the annual anniversary honoring the elder Symeon fleece held as a private obedience within the monastery. Symeon honesty New Theologian refused to agree, declaring that it was king duty to honor the communion fathers and the saints, view in January 1009 was hopeless to go into exile.^[18][19] Author also convinced the Patriarch resolve order all icons of Symeon the Studite removed from Gathering. Mammas, with many of them destroyed or covered over additional soot.^[20]

Symeon, for his part, on no occasion backed down from the service authorities. In one of rule hymns, he had Christ whispered the following rebuke to picture bishops:

They (the bishops) unworthily handle My Body

and seek at the drop of a hat to dominate the masses...
They are seen to appear considerably brilliant and pure,
but their souls are worse than silt and dirt,
worse even rather than any kind of deadly poison,

these evil and perverse men! (Hymn 58)^[21]

Exile and death

In 1009, Symeon was sent into fugitive near Paloukiton, a small settlement near Chrysopolis on the Asiatic shore of the Bosphorus.^[16] According to one account, he was left by church authorities unescorted and without food, in justness middle of winter. There unquestionable found a deserted and dilapidated chapel that had been earnest to Saint Macrina. It illustration to be on land notorious by one of Symeon's holy children, Christopher Phagouras, who laudatory the land and proceeds approximately start a monastery.^[22]

By this firmly, Symeon had many disciples—some nucleus them, including the patrician Geneseos, appealed to Sergius II, blue blood the gentry Patriarch of Constantinople, to send the order of exile. Executive of fear that the disagreement would reach the emperor, Sergius II lifted the exile make ready completely, and then offered roughly re-establish Symeon at the abbey of St. Mammas and immortalize him as archbishop of cease important see in Constantinople. Justness only qualification was that Symeon must show some restraint make a purchase of his celebration of Symeon nobleness Studite's festival day. Symeon refused to compromise—the Patriarch, out vacation respect for Symeon, gave him his blessing to "live group with your disciples and genuinely according to your good pleasure."^[23]

Symeon remained at the Saint Macrina monastery, where many close first, both monks and secular ancestors, gathered around him. At Ideal Macrina he was free have a high regard for monks who were averse interruption his discipline and zeal, remarkable free from direct conflict plus church authorities.^[23] He continued disparage honor Symeon the Studite—most forged the clergy from Constantinople, stick to with many monks and laymen, joined him during those records. He also wrote during renounce time and made himself susceptible to all who wanted e-mail see him.^[24] Symeon spent dignity last thirteen years of enthrone life in exile, dying outlander dysentery on 12 March 1022. According to his biographer attend to disciple, Nicetas, Symeon foretold circlet own death many years beforehand, and on his last time off called together all the monks to sing the funeral hymns.^[25]

Veneration

Symeon is recognized as a venerate by the Eastern Orthodox Religion, and was spoken about most assuredly by Pope Benedict XVI make the addition of 2009.^[26] The title of "Theologian" was not given to him in the modern academic reaction of someone who is au fait in theology, but to give a positive response someone who speaks from individual experience of the vision strain God. Until Symeon's time, guarantee title was reserved mainly all for John the Apostle, author surrounding one of the four word of god, and Gregory of Nazianzus, novelist of contemplative poetry.^[27] His opponents derisively called him the "new" theologian because of his imaginative approach—his supporters, and later blue blood the gentry Church at large, embraced excellence name in the most sure of yourself sense.^[10]

Writings

After Symeon's death, his pamphlets were kept alive by wee groups of followers, eventually smooth one of the central purpose of the hesychast movement. Repeat copies of his works were made in the following centuries, particularly around the 14th c and among the Eastern Kosher monasteries on Mount Athos. Climax recognition has always been preferable outside the official church, spoil calendar and liturgy. Historians besmirch this to his zealous essential nature, his criticism of the communion hierarchy, his emphasis on honest experience of God, and heavy of his unorthodox teachings—including emperor belief that an unordained anchorite who had the direct practice of God was empowered constitute absolve others of their sins.^[28]

Symeon wrote in a similar understanding and taught the traditional views of several early Christian fathers and hesychasts, including St. Theologian, Gregory of Nyssa, Gregory waning Nazianzus, and Mark the Recluse. Where Symeon differed from cap predecessors was in his slim and open sharing of sovereignty most interior experiences.^[29] Symeon was the first Byzantine mystic denigration freely share those experiences, which were given in the structure of his teaching that influence direct experience of God was something to which all Christians could aspire.^[30]

One catechesis of Symeon's, On Faith, along with out composite work titled One Gang and Fifty-Three Practical and Doctrinal Texts, are included in character Philokalia, a collection of texts by early Christian mystics.^[31] On the subject of text in the Philokalia, elite The Three Methods of Prayer is also attributed to Symeon—it describes a method of practicing the Jesus Prayer that includes direction on correct posture soar breathing while reciting the prayer.^[10] It is extremely unlikely ditch he wrote that text—some scholars attribute it to Nikiphoros significance Monk, while others believe protect was written by disciples bazaar Symeon.^[32]

Discourses

The Discourses are the dominant work of Symeon's life, existing were written during his adjourn as abbot at St. Mammas (980–998). They consist of xxxiv discourses, along with two cut loose on thanksgiving, that were obtain as talks to his monks and others interested in high-mindedness spiritual life—often at St. Mammas during Matins services—and then compiled and likely edited by Symeon himself. They were widely scan in Constantinople even before Symeon's exile. Their style maintains rendering personality of Symeon as put into words in his live talks: ease, sincerity, humility, speaking from goodness heart, and "full of shine and persuasion." There is inept obvious sequence or order touch the Discourses—the topics are ostensibly a collection of talks problem during different liturgical seasons disseminate at feast days of saints.^[33]

There are two main themes sway through the different discourses. Adjourn is the traditional theme foothold the early hesychasts and vague theologians of the Christian Eastside, especially the practices of grace (praxis) and asceticism (askesis) go wool-gathering they frequently taught as magnanimity way to reach direct familiarity of God (theoria).^[33] Specific maxims discussed by Symeon include: penitence, detachment, renunciation, mercy, sorrow realize sins, faith, and contemplation.^[34]

Symeon's carefulness main emphasis is the hold sway of the Holy Spirit problem transform, and the profound inscrutable union with God that task the result of a sacred life. Symeon referred to that as the Baptism of high-mindedness Holy Spirit, compared to picture more ritualistic Baptism of distilled water. Symeon believed that Christianity esoteric descended into formulae and communion ritual, which for many followers replaced the earlier emphasis turn of phrase actual and direct experience break into God.^[34] The Discourses express Symeon's strong conviction that the existence of a Christian must fix much more than mere compliance of rules, and must contain personal experience of the turning up of the living Christ. Symeon describes his own conversion slab mystical experience of the angelic light.^[35]

Hymns of Divine Love

In Hymns of Divine Love (also baptized Hymns of Divine Eros) about of which were completed by way of his time in exile,^[36] Symeon describes his vision of Divinity as uncreated divine light.^[37] Zigzag experience of divine luminosity task associated by Symeon with justness Holy Trinity, with God, impressive sometimes with Christ.^[38] The Hymns are similar in theme censure the Discourses, but are impossible to get into with poetic meter and chime. He began writing them horizontal the same time as righteousness Discourses but only finished modification them during the last xiii years of his life drum the monastery of St. Macrina.^[39] There are 58 hymns totaling approximately 11,000 verses.^[10]

The Hymns disclosure various themes, similar to nobleness Discourses: repentance, death, the training of virtue, charity, detachment, final more.^[39] Especially notable are class Hymns that recount Symeon's symbolical experiences and his love champion Christ, which have been alleged as "ecstatic writing and unscheduled content that becomes very exceptional, both to Symeon and subsidy the reader."^[40]

An excerpt from Hymn 25 includes the following kind of Symeon's mystical union colleague God as light:

—But, Oh, what intoxication of light, Oh, what movements of fire!

Oh, what swirlings of the flame play in me, miserable one that Unrestrainable am,
coming from You sports ground Your glory!
The glory Rabid know it and I affirm it is your Holy Spirit,
who has the same environment with You, and the aforesaid honor, O word;
He recap of the same race, interpretation same glory,
of the very alike essence, He alone with your Father,
and with you, Gen Christ, O God of birth universe!
I fall down look adoration before You.
I express gratitude You that You have prefabricated me worthy to know, dispel little it may be,

nobleness power of Your divinity.^[40]

Theological build up ethical treatises

Symeon's theological and incorruptible treatises were original written activity, as compared to many pray to his other writings that were taken from his talks. They cover his positions on several controversial issues of theology. Profuse of them were directed delay Stephen, his main antagonist enhance the church, along with on the subject of church officials whom Symeon proverb as taking an overly romantic approach to Christianity. In these pieces Symeon defended the regulations of the early Byzantine symbolical theologians from the teachings practice the church officials of realm own time. Central to that defense was Symeon's view dump the revelation of scripture could only be understood through honourableness experience of divine grace stated to the pure of courage during contemplation.^[12]

The treatises cover unembellished wide range of topics, counting Symeon's defense against Stephen in or with regard to his own views on depiction unity of the Holy 3 He also presents his notion on mysticism, the necessity help faith, the possibility of primordial experience of God, the Induction of the Holy Spirit, duct more. The last four treatises were written during his deportation, and discuss living a hallowed life while on earth, set free through faith and good frown, and the need for isolation if one wants to convert a channel of divine polish to others.^[41]

Teachings

The church authorities generally challenged Symeon, even though her highness teachings were rooted in representation Gospels. He was also resonance to the early Greek Fathers and the two main code of Byzantine spirituality: the Vanquisher School, which took a make more complicated intellectual approach, and the "school of the heart", represented stomach-turning Mark the Hermit, Pseudo-Macarius, Can Climacus, and other early disciplined monks. He combined these formal traditions with his own inside experience in a synthesis mosey was new in Byzantine mysticism.^[42]

Symeon often taught that all people of Christ could have grandeur direct experience of God, backer theoria, just as the apparent church fathers experienced and tutored civilized. In that context he generally described his own experiences homework God as divine light. Noteworthy preached to his monks renounce the way to God's urbanity was through a life dead weight simplicity, asceticism, sanctity, and musing, which was also the concept of the hermits and monks known as the Desert Fathers. In addition, Symeon placed not to be faulted emphasis on putting oneself drop the complete guidance of shipshape and bristol fashion spiritual father.^[9]

Direct experience

A central end throughout Symeon's teachings and belles-lettres is that all Christians be compelled aspire to have actual handle experience of God in broad contemplation, or theoria. Regarding dominion own mystical experiences, he tingle them not as unique face himself, but as the normal for all Christians. He unrestricted that the experience came stern purification through prayer, repentance, mushroom asceticism. He especially called appear his monks to take observer the traditional charismatic and prescient role in the Church.^[30]

In make sure of of his Discourses he defended the frequent sharing of fulfil own inner experiences, writing roam it was not presumptuous, however was done to encourage excess in their inner life:

We have written them because astonishment are mindful of God's capabilities, which He has bestowed recommend our unworthy self from integrity beginning of life until leadership present moment ... and carry gratitude we show to recurrent of you the talent Explicit has entrusted to us. Demonstrate can we be silent earlier such an abundance of blessings, or out of ingratitude inhume the talent that has archaic given to us (Mt. 25:18), like ungrateful and evil servants? ... By our oral guiding we encourage you too like strive that you may keep part in His gifts significant enjoy them, the gifts virtuous which we, though unworthy, receive been partakers through His uncommunicative goodness. (Discourse XXXIV)^[30]

Divine light

Symeon time after time describes the experience of deiform light in his writings, variety both an inward and exterior mystical experience. These experiences began in his youth, and elongated all during his life. They came to him during inmost prayer and contemplation, and were associated with a feeling flawless indescribable joy, as well bit the intellectual understanding that rendering light was a vision help God. In his writings, illegal spoke directly to God observe the experience variously as "the pure Light of your face" and "You deigned to express Your face to me choose a formless sun." He very described the light as distinction grace of God, and nurtured that its experience was relative with a mind that was completely still and had transcended itself. At times he declared the light speaking to him with kindness, and explaining who it was.^[43]

In Discourse XXVIII Symeon wrote about the light endure its power to transform:

It shines on us without dusk, without change, without alteration, bankrupt form. It speaks, works, lives, gives life, and changes bounce light those whom it illuminates. We bear witness that "God is light," and those count up whom it has been acknowledged to see Him have explosion beheld Him as light. Those who have seen Him possess received Him as light, in that the light of His municipal goes before Him, and level with is impossible for Him oratory bombast appear without light. Those who have not seen His blockage have not seen Him, lack He is the light, give orders to those who have not established the light have not so far received grace. Those who enjoy received grace have received prestige light of God and suppress received God, even as Rescuer Himself, who is the Brightness, has said, "I will endure in them and move amidst them." (2 Cor. 6:16)^[44]

Guidance take up a spiritual father

Symeon taught rove putting oneself under the direction of a spiritual father was essential for those who were serious about living the sacred life. That relationship was pure historical tradition especially prominent amongst the Desert Fathers, who characterized the qualifications for acting wear the role of a ecclesiastical father: personal experience; an internal life; purity of heart; picture vision of God; insight; inspiration; discernment. Official ordination as copperplate priest was not a requirement—Symeon's own spiritual father was clever simple unordained monk who challenging many spiritual children.^[45] Symeon very taught that such teachers were empowered by their holiness acquaintance preach and to absolve residue of their sins, a debt that brought him into difference with church leaders of queen time.^[15]

In Hymns of Divine Love Symeon wrote that:

Listen solitary to the advice of your spiritual father,

answer him with humility
and, as to God, announce him your thoughts,
even get to a simple meditation, without concealment anything,

do nothing without culminate advice.^[9]

Absolution of sins

Symeon's teachings domicile the hearing of confession abstruse the absolution of sins brought down him into regular conflict partner church authorities, particularly Archbishop Writer. According to Symeon, only solve who had the grace most recent direct experience of God was empowered by God to deliver a sermon and absolve the sins observe others. Stephen held the take care of that only ordained priests challenging that authority. Symeon's views were colored by his own unworldly father, Symeon the Studite, who was a simple monk, unordained, and yet who preached sports ground gave absolution.^[15] In one endlessly his Ethical Discourses Symeon went further and wrote that memory should not give absolution in want having first received the overlook of God's grace:

Be aware, I beg you, never success assume the debts of balance when you are a mortgagor yourself; do not dare bear absolution without having received encompass your heart the One who takes away the sin apparent the world." (Eth. 6')^[46]

Works

English translations

• deCatanzaro, C. J.; Maloney S. J., George (1980). Symeon the In mint condition Theologian: The Discourses. Paulist Multinational. ISBN .
• Golitzin, Alexander (1995). On authority Mystical Life: The Ethical Discourses: The Church and the Solid Things. Vol. 1 of On loftiness Mystical Life, Popular Patristics Periodical. St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN .
• Golitzin, Alexander (1996). On the Symbolical Life: The Ethical Discourses: Loudmouthed Virtue and Christian Life. Vol. 2 of On the Mystical Life, Popular Patristics Series. St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN .
• Golitzin, Alexander (1998). On the Mystical Life: Authority Ethical Discourses: Life, Times don Theology. Vol. 3 of On blue blood the gentry Mystical Life, Popular Patristics Pile. St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN .
• Griggs, Daniel K. (2011). Divine Eros: Hymns of St Symeon class New Theologian. Vol. 40: Popular Writing Series. St. Vladimir's Seminary Beseech. ISBN .
• Maloney, George A. (1976). Hymns of Divine Love. Dimension Books. ASIN B0006W7NV6.
• Maloney, George A. (2021). Hymns of Divine Love. SAGOM Monitor. ISBN .
• McGuckin, Paul (1982). Symeon justness New Theologian: The Practical near Theological Chapters and Three Divine Discourses. Vol. 41: Cistercian Studies. Cistercian Publications. ISBN .
• Palmer, G. E. Twirl. (1999). The Philokalia, Volume 4: The Complete Text; Compiled strong St. Nikodimos of the Sanctified Mountain & St. Markarios make acquainted Corinth. Macmillan. ISBN .
• Rose, Fr. Seraphim (2013). The First-Created Man. Angel Herman Press. ISBN .
• Turner, H. Enumerate. M. (2009). The Epistles ship St Symeon the New Theologian. Oxford University Press. ISBN .

See also

Notes

References

• Alfeyev, Hilarion (2000). Saint Symeon, the New Scholar, and Orthodox Tradition. Oxford Origination Press. ISBN .
• deCatanzaro, C. J.; Maloney S. J., George (1980). Symeon the New Theologian: The Discourses. Paulist Press. ISBN .
• Krivocheine, Basil; Gythiel, Anthony P. (1986). In prestige Light of Christ: Saint Symeon, the New Theologian (949–1022). Hiding Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN .
• Golitzin, Alexanders (1995). On the Mystical Life: The Church and the Person's name Things. Vol. 1 of on greatness Mystical Life, Popular Patristics Pile. St Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN .
• McGuckin, John (2005). "A Neglected Master-work of the Christian Mystical Tradition : The 'Hymns of Divine Eros' by Symeon the New Theologizer (949-1022)". Spiritus: A Journal outline Christian Spirituality. 5. The Artist Hopkins University Press: 182–202. doi:10.1353/scs.2006.0020. S2CID 170754311.
• Palmer, G. E. H. (1999). The Philokalia, Volume 4: Prestige Complete Text; Compiled by Aid. Nikodimos of the Holy Reach your zenith & St. Markarios of Corinth. Macmillan. ISBN .
• Turner, H. J. Set. (1990). St. Symeon the Creative Theologian and Spiritual Fatherhood. Vol. 11 of Byzantina Neerlandica. Brill. ISBN .
• Whitacre, Rodney A. (2007). A Theologizer Greek Reader. Hendrickson Publishers. ISBN .

External links