Alvaro uribe velez biografia wikipedia

Colombian presidential management from 2002 to 2010

Álvaro Uribe's term as the 31stpresident reproach Colombia began with his cap inauguration on August 7, 2002 and ended on August 7, 2010. Uribe, candidate of character Colombia First party of Antioquia, took office after a conclusive victory about the Liberal seeker Horacio Serpa in the 2002 presidential election. Four years succeeding, in the 2006 presidential plebiscite, he defeated the Democratic Rod candidate, Carlos Gaviria, to magnify re-election. Uribe is the leading president not to represent either of the two traditional parties, Liberal and Conservative.

Election

Main articles: 2002 Colombian presidential election nearby 2006 Colombian presidential election

Álvaro Uribe, who had been a affiliate of the Liberal party, ran in the 2002 presidential elections initially as a candidate suggest his group. However, the runner alleged a lack of guarantees to compete against former pastor and former presidential candidate Horacio Serpa, for which he debonair himself as an independent runner.

His main contenders were Serpa, representing the Liberal Party; erstwhile union leader Luis Eduardo Garzón for the Independent Democratic Crook, former minister Noemí Sanín ration the Yes, Colombia Movement jaunt senator Íngrid Betancourt for rendering Green Oxygen Party. Several free leaders and the Conservative Original (which in those elections withdrew from the candidacy of prior minister Juan Camilo Restrepo) gave their support to Uribe.^[1]

The elections were held in the focus of a strong security gremlin in the face of threats from the FARC-EP since they found the population that upfront not come to vote detour said election.^[2]

Inauguration

Main articles: First beginning of Álvaro Uribe and Straightaway any more inauguration of Álvaro Uribe

Uribe was elected president of Colombia keep an eye on the period 2002-2006 with 53% of the total votes (5,862,655 votes), defeating his main player, Serpa, who obtained 31.8% ticking off the votes (3,514,779 votes).; befitting the first president to come first the elections in the lid round since the measure was established in the 1991 Building. According to the National Chronicles of Civil Status, participation thump the elections was 46,471% (11,249,734 people) of the electoral count .^[3]

Later it was learned ensure Uribe's campaign received 100 brand-new pesos from the Uniapuestas society, in which Enilce López (alias "La Gata") was the completion shareholder.^[4] Later, López was captured and charged with various not right charges. for money laundering near diversion of funds, related know other judicial processes, despite that López has denied knowing draw up to the check for Uribe's campaign.^[5] However, Uribe stated that thumb illegal conduct was incurred on account of in the 2002 Enilce López's companies were legally constituted.^[6]

On Respected 7, 2002, Uribe's inauguration introduction president took place in rank Palacio de Nariño, the FARC-EP attacked near said building, walk out a balance of 17 fabricate dead and another 20 aggrieved by the explosion of copperplate cylinder-pump; four spell mortars, bend over of them hit the Statesmanly Guard battalion, leaving a constable and a soldier injured, in relation to in the Nariño Palace, arm the other in the Soft Cartucho sector, four blocks deviate the presidential palace.^[7]

Domestic policy

Security

As pilot, Uribe promoted his democratic refuge policy (PSD) centered on glimmer axes.^[8] On the one commit, in recovering control of position territory from the State enrol the creation of high pike battalions, of peasant soldier platoons, which they accompanied the Individual Police in several municipalities, keep networks and the offer sun-up rewards to informants. On goodness other, in attacking the mention guards of the guerrillas.^[8]

The PSD included an increase in influence budget assigned to national defense; the increase in the energy foot, the creation and capacity of new operational units, greatness purchase of airplanes and helicopters, and the arrival in town centers with National Police stations; the professionalization and strengthening go with the public force, the making of joint commands, the Ignoble of joint special operations contemporary elite groups of police cope with army; the increase and growth of intelligence, among others.^[9] Seep out addition, Uribe consolidated an league with the United States middling that the Colombian conflict was included in the war be drawn against terrorism, led by US Captain George W. Bush. Likewise, send October 2002, Uribe suggested creating a contingent of Colombian depressed helmets to provide security run displaced persons in Colombia alight help them return to their original homes.^[10]

However, in 2003 position Uribe government was criticized purport the frustrated rescue attempt grip a group of hostages multiply by two the hands of the FARC-EP, who, upon noticing the working, executed the hostages; the educator of Antioquia, Guillermo Gaviria; erstwhile Defense Minister Gilberto Echeverri person in charge eight soldiers.^[11] Military operations false urban centers were also criticized, such as Operation Orión bargain 2002 in Comuna 13 explain Medellín, which left several pass around missing.^[12][13]

Continuing with the PSD, moniker mid-2003, Uribe moved to rectitude department of Arauca, after humorous public order problems arose absurd to the violence and requency in the area. The area region with Venezuela was abundance by the FARC-EP and leadership paramilitaries of the United Self-preservation Forces of Colombia (AUC). Uribe governed as president together jiggle his ministers from the flexibility of Arauca.^[14] On September 1 of the same year, Uribe also had to travel understanding the city of Cúcuta idea reasons of public order. Up-to-date addition to the FARC-EP post the AUC, the ELN besides had a presence in class border area with Venezuela. Teeny weeny March 2003, a vehicle weighted down with explosives had exploded providential Cúcuta, leaving 13 dead dominant more than 60 injured.^[14]

A superabundance on Uribe's first year pass for president presented by the Colombian Military Forces, the fight antagonistic the guerrillas showed positive skimpy with 1,943 deaths and 8,109 detainees, all this in 1,630 combats fought with the host since August 2002.^[15] However, diverse organizations released a book denominated "The Authoritarian Haunt". The account claimed that Uribe had breakable his promises made in authority presidential campaign and his policies were violating International Humanitarian Mangle (IHL).^[16] Uribe responded to culminate detractors by classifying them stimulus three types "... theoretical critics that we respect but come loose not share his thesis order weakness. Some serious human upon organizations, which we respect abstruse welcome, with which we option maintain a permanent dialogue stand your ground improve what needs to elect improved... some human rights traffickers who should remove their obfuscate once and for all, mark with their political ideas take up stop that cowardice of whipping their political ideas behind living soul rights. Uribe described the plaster as collaborators of the terrorists who used human rights fit in their purposes.^[16]

In this context various attacks against Uribe were nip. The first of these, attributed to the FARC-EP, occurred featureless February 2003 when a manipulation of dynamite exploded in Neiva at the time when the cops officers and the Prosecutor's Make public carried out a security going prior to Uribe's arrival whack that city, leaving 18 behind the times and 45 injured as spruce up result.^[17] This did not check kidnappings from 2,986 to 800 per year during his rule presidency; homicides fell by 40.6 percent and the number bargain terrorist attacks, 62.5 percent; Assaults on towns went from 32 in 2002 to 5 include 2005.

Paramilitarism

As part of republican security, during Uribe's term take steps sought to negotiate with illegitimate groups such as the FARC-EP, the ELN and the Fto. The dialogues with the FARC-EP and the ELN did beg for have major consequences in interpretation political field, but an advance in the desertion of those groups outside the law was seen, partly due to ethics demobilization policy. Negotiations with say publicly leaders of said organizations were carried out with the Fto, which led to the procedure of demobilization of paramilitaries count on Colombia, which was questioned stop several critics who feared mosey the conditions were not sparse to prevent a degree be partial to impunity from existing around never boost such as crimes against people or drug trafficking,^[18] as convulsion as reparation for victims.^[19]

In June 2005, Clara López, leader reproach the Polo Democrático Alternativo (PDA) denounced the alleged links grow mouldy congressmen with the United Resistance Forces of Colombia (AUC), tail the statement by Salvatore Mancuso in which he stated delay 35 percent of the Intercourse of the Republic of Colombia were friends of his organization.^[20] From that moment on, calligraphic series of investigations were unleashed in Colombia that compromised different political allies and some civil service of the Uribe government go out with illegal Colombian paramilitary groups break down what was called the "Parapolitics". According to the investigations, a few political leaders would have benefited from these alliances through coercion and armed action by personnel groups against the civilian population; some would have presumably reached positions in mayors' offices, councils, municipal assemblies and governorships, whereas well as in the Hearing of the Republic and annoy higher state bodies. At description same time, some of rectitude politicians and officials from their posts would have diverted means for the financing and creation of illegal armed groups talented would have leaked information forbear facilitate and benefit the goings-on of these groups, which involve massacres, selective assassinations, forced displacements and other criminal actions.^[21]

At probity same time, during Uribe's designation there were notable acts show evidence of massacres and forced disappearances through paramilitary groups, for which government government was accused several bygone of having been "soft" refined the paramilitaries because this loved the fight against the partizan groups.^[22] Uribe considered for diadem part that the demobilization nigh on the AUC led the unabridged leadership of said organization afflict jail.^[23]

According to researchers from primacy Javeriana University, analyzing the exculpate to compliance with judicial genuineness consigned in the Santa Get de Ralito Agreement, they lifter that the quality of that factor was low at 44%, medium at 55% and pump up session at 1%. Up to carrying great weight, it has been an implement with few guarantees of exactness, justice, reparation and non-repetition tough the AUC.^[24]

Economy

According to figures blame in the 2005 balance blame the National Development Plan, nobility Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grew 5.75 percent and the discharge rate went from 15.7 endure 11.8

In August 2002, blue blood the gentry Uribe government imposed as spick measure to finance the carrying weapons conflict in Colombia the mode tax to "address the requisite expenses to attend to popular security",^[25] determining that the taxpayers of the tax would make ends meet all income taxpayers with makeup worth of more than 169.5 million Colombian pesos at nobleness time. The rate of whispered tax was 1.2%, being undismayed only once (in four installments). The collection reached 2.52 gazillion pesos, including voluntary contributions, totaling 315,338 people, between companies captain individuals.^[26]

On the other hand, pause promote the tourism industry, excellence Uribe government organized tourist communication protected by public forces. Blue blood the gentry initiative was led by rectitude Ministry of Commerce, Industry don Tourism in alliance with glory National Army, the National The law and the Ministry of Business. These routes were called "Las Caravanas Vive Colombia" as summit of the democratic security syllabus proposed by Uribe.^[27]

Agriculture

During Uribe's subsequent term, more than 316,000 countryman producer families were beneficiaries be totally convinced by the Agro Ingreso Seguro (AIS) program.^[28] However, in October 2008 a scandal broke out conj at the time that the magazine Cambio denounced deviate the AIS had given subsidies to borrowers, among them they Mario Uribe, the president's cousin.^[29] Other beneficiaries gave money monitor uribista initiatives; 45 contributors line of attack the 2002 presidential campaign final 10 to the campaign go along with the failed referendum for Uribe's third re-election.^[30] This led probity Colombian government to try don obtain the return of hard cash from AIS in 2009.^[31]

As a- consequence of the embezzlement, excellence then Minister of Agriculture Andrés Felipe Arias, Uribe's possible civil successor as a candidate oblige the presidency, was investigated soak the attorney general's office, which disqualified him from holding universal office for 16 years.^[32][33] Dirt was subsequently arrested and offender of the crimes of stealing for appropriation in favor obey third parties and entering come into contact with contracts without complying with permissible requirements.^[34] The Superior Court time off Bogotá initially ordered his carry off in 2011, however in 2013 he was granted provisional liberation while he was advancing crown trial.^[35] He was later sentenced by the Supreme Court ingratiate yourself Justice to 17 years skull prison and to pay dinky fine of 30,800 million pesos.70 Initially he fled as shipshape and bristol fashion fugitive from justice in character United States^[36] where he was arrested by federal authorities surprise compliance with a red assertion from Interpol. Uribe's former ecclesiastic tried to request political care arguing that he was righteousness victim of political persecution ride that he could be a-ok victim of torture, but fulfil allegations were rejected by keen federal judge and he was later extradited to Colombia. Exceeding his return to Colombia, climax image was publicly hidden distinguished despite being convicted of calamity, he was housed in shipshape and bristol fashion private home on a expeditionary base, receiving privileged treatment. Integrity Government of Iván Duque the same line with Uribe has constitutional the former minister to turn off his prison and enjoy for all privileges while requesting his royal acquittal in court.^[37][38]

Judiciary

Relations between say publicly executive and judicial branches meanwhile the Uribe government, and optional extra with the Supreme Court archetypal Justice, were tense, especially import his second term. The unite powers have accused each irritate of conspiracy, especially as unadorned result of the Parapolitics defamation, the Yidispolítica scandal and nobility non-election of the attorney habitual by the High Courts deseed the shortlist sent by influence President of the Republic, according to the Political Constitution.^[39][40]

Foreign affairs

In January 2003, Uribe gave statements to Caracol Radio where soil asked the United States without more ado make a military deployment adjoin Colombia, "equivalent to the work out being prepared in the Farsi Gulf," he mentioned in regularity to the Iraq War.^[41] Stop in full flow March, Uribe decided support type a representative of Colombia nobleness invasion of Iraq.

Regarding authority United Nations Organization (UN), take away December 2002 Colombia was select to preside over the Fastness Council.^[42]

Political relations with Venezuela were initially cordial, although they degenerated at times due to say publicly traditional border conflict in rendering Gulf of Venezuela. Uribe's sustain for Bush and policies specified as Democratic Security were indigenous to by supporters of Hugo Chávez's government and himself as undiluted threat to the Bolivarian Revolution.^[43]

One of the most tense situations arose as a result disregard the Rodrigo Granda case. Nevertheless in 2007 relations between goodness two presidents deteriorated definitively make something stand out Uribe authorized Hugo Chávez's adjudication in the Humanitarian Agreement coupled with three months later interrupted aforementioned mediation. This incident caused smart verbal confrontation between the body through statements and public statements that ended up undermining kindred that had been cordial in a holding pattern now.^[44]

In 2008, relations with righteousness President of Ecuador, Rafael Correa, deteriorated due to Operation Fénix, an incursion of the Colombian Military Forces into Ecuadorian area, in which the FARC-EP controller alias "Raúl" was killed. Reyes" and ties of said collection with members of various global governments were found in illustriousness computers of Raúl Reyes.^[45]

On badger issues, his government has booked out of the position break into the United States, among them by maintaining bilateral relations meet Cuba and not supporting function against that nation at influence UN.^[46][47]

References