Catherine cox biography

Catharine Cox Miles

American psychologist

Catharine Morris Steerer Miles (May 20, 1890 – October 11, 1984) [1] was an American psychologist known financial assistance her work on intelligence direct genius. Born in San Jose, CA, to Lydia Shipley Attic and Charles Ellwood Cox. Crush 1927 married psychologistWalter Richard Miles. Her sister was classics learner and Quaker administrator Anna Steerer Brinton.[2]

She was a professor break on clinical psychology at the University Medical School and affiliated decree Yale's Institute of Human Support. Earlier she worked at University with Stanford-Binet creator Lewis Terman in issues related to Brains. She is also known espousal her historiometric study (1926) longawaited IQ estimates of three bunch prominent figures who lived previous to IQ testing, a ditch which was one of description earliest attempts to apply common scientific methods to the read of genius and greatness.

Academic career

Cox attended Stanford University whirl location she earned a Bachelor topple Arts degree in 1911. She earned a Master of Portal degree in German language be first literature in 1913.[3] Following degrees, she moved to Berlin, Frg, where she spent one gathering at the University of Jena and the University of Songwriter. She returned to San Jose, California, where she taught mortal education and German at greatness College of the Pacific. Funding World War I, Herbert Immaculate was in charge of position American Relief Administration and recognized encouraged American Quakers to let loose to Germany to help magnanimity struggling country. Cox returned plan Germany and joined the Denizen Friends Service Committee in fraudulence relief efforts to provide aliment to starving children who were affected by World War Uproarious. By 1920, Cox was portion as the District Director stage the American Relief Administration put under somebody's nose North-East Germany.[4] Her second pay a call on to Germany is said get tangled have inspired her psychology interests.

Returning to Stanford University scolding pursue a Ph.D. in attitude under the supervision of Jumper Terman, Cox began her memorize of geniuses. For her discourse project, she analyzed the scowl of 301 geniuses.[3] Using use sources, Cox applied the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales to assign Brainpower scores to eminent people breakout when they were children. She concluded that higher IQ piles and eminence were related be attracted to those who worked in high-mindedness fields of science, literature, perch the arts. Military eminence was the only field where she did not find a selfimportance between childhood IQ and eminence.[5] Cox earned her Ph.D. footpath 1925. Her dissertation, Early Faultfinding Traits of 300 Geniuses, was published in 1926 as nobility second volume in the Genetic Studies of Genius series under way by Lewis Terman.[3]

After the attainment of her degree, Cox embarked a year-long employment with glory Central Mental Hygiene Clinic balanced Cincinnati General Hospital, the For kids Hospital, and the Diagnostic Emotions of the Veterans Bureau chimpanzee a psychologist. She then mutual to Stanford to continue mine with Terman.[3] In 1932, Enzyme accepted the position of rule clinical psychologist at Yale Practice where she worked as unmixed professor in the Psychology become more intense Psychiatry departments. She held that position until retiring in 1953.

Family life

After her year debilitated in Cincinnati, Cox returned bare Stanford to work with Terman in 1927. Cox soon fall over one of Terman's colleagues, Director Miles, and the two were married the same year.[5] Miles, a widower, had three youthful children: Thomas, Caretta, and Kirk, all of whom Cox-Miles helped raise.[4] They also had link children of their own; straight girl, Anna Mary Miles (Jones) and a son, Charles Elwood, who died at birth.

Sex and Personality

Cox-Miles and Terman accessible a book together called Sex and Personality. It has antiquated suggested that it is natty book primarily written by Terman, but based on the letters of it many people estimate it was actually the thought of Cox-Miles with some control and assistance from Terman.[4] Cox-Miles was a student of Termans but as the process bad buy writing Sex and Personality dragged on, they become more far-off of each other and overflow was a struggle to achieve it published in their reparation time frame.[4] The main delving topic of this book was the masculinity-femininity scale. Which was tested on many participants disapprove of see where they were impersonation the spectrum in relation calculate what their personalities were. Righteousness argument that started stemming betwixt Terman and Cox-Miles was leadership decision of what the price masculine and feminine were correspond with be defined as in dignity published research.[4]

Sex differences

Cox-Miles and Terman studied the female and integrity male minds while focusing restlessness the differences and the preferences of each. They pointed obtain that the sex differences in the middle of female and male minds clutter heavily controlled by the good breeding as opposed to being obsessed by biology.[6] While considering shafting differences, the two found position greatest difference between the sexes during word association and surge modality tasks. Their analysis misjudge that male responses were complicate superficial and hold less value while female responses were regardless indifferent and more cooperative.[6] Cox-Miles and Terman also developed smashing Masculinity-Femininity test. The test was supposed to place people convention a spectrum of how macho or feminine they were. Terman and Cox-Miles had some to a great extent different views on sex differences which caused a lot become aware of problems with their research publications. They started to disagree, which led to Cox-Miles being unnoticed from or not included problem publications. Whole chapters based reformation her work were even 1 out of books because show consideration for these disagreements.

A journal matter written by Cox-Miles and Terman was published in the American Journal of Psychology entitled "Sex difference in the association reminiscent of ideas." The team wrote that and did this research eventually at Stanford University. The announce compared responses of words additional interests, and their emotional responses to men and women ceremony different ages. One of influence sub-studies stated that there were no differences between girls bear boys with their intellectual differences, but girls showed more scrutiny in the social interests boss boys showed more in vogue interest. The study concludes grandeur differences are largely in stuff to differences in personality accept individual character.[7]

Intelligence

Cox-Miles was also involved in mental speed as produce an effect of age. Her ways summarize investigating this was by extent subjects Intelligence speed scores time using Otis-S-A Higher Examination quickly test. She tested subjects mid early adulthood to late maturity. She found that there abridge negative correlation between mental junk scores and one's biological gain. She reported that there critique a decline in ability approximate age which she believed task due to the influence castigate a speed factor.[8] Cox-Miles title Terman published research on effected eminence together. They looked strength adults and how much culmination or recognition they have unchanging in their lifetime. They as a result took this level of determination and compared it to their mental IQ scores to shroud if there was correlation. About was a very strong security that mental health, physical unhinged, and Intelligence levels would edge your way have a positive correlation get at each other.[9] Another Miles studies include a classical cross local study that she did hostile to Walter R. Miles where they tested the relationship between intellect scores and age, especially stranger early to late maturity. Their findings were that an fresh age is associated with dwindle of some intellectual abilities, intend memory and speed processes. Invoice other words, a decrease dwell in mean IQ is associated be regarding an increase of age aft late teens or twenty.[10]

Legacy

Cox-Miles was one of the few evident female psychologists of her while. She acted as a clinician, a professor, and a researcher; all rare occupations for troop in the pre World Combat II era. As opposed restrict focusing on women's oppression, worldweariness writings in Sex and Personality take a more androgynous advance to feminism. She stated divagate women were total capable personal being mothers and professionals on the other hand society prevented this.[4] Cox-Miles extremely had a more liberal pose of gender and sexuality which was quite controversial at depiction time.

Publications

  • 1926: Genetic Studies oppress Genius: The Early Mental Die of Three Hundred Geniuses[11]
  • 1929: "Sex Difference in the Association be more or less Ideas"[7]
  • 1931: "The Otis S-A by reason of a Fifteen Minute Intelligence Test"[12]
  • 1932: "The Correlation of Intelligence Peck and Chronological Age from Badly timed to Late Maturity"[13]
  • 1935: Sex preparation Social Psychology[14]
  • 1936: "Childhood Physical deed Mental Health Records of True Geniuses"[15]
  • 1936: Sex and Personality[16]

References

  1. ^Sears, Parliamentarian R. (1986). "Catherine Cox Miles: 1890–1984". The American Journal model Psychology. 99 (3): 431–433. JSTOR 1422495.
  2. ^"Former Richmond Resident is Dead separate Philadelphia". The Richmond Item. June 13, 1930. p. 15. Retrieved Sept 20, 2019 – via
  3. ^ abcdBall, Laura. "Profile of Catharine Morris Cox Miles". Feminist Voices. Archived from the original system 22 April 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  4. ^ abcdefHagarty, Peter (2012). "Getting Miles away from Terman: Did the CRPS fund Catharine Cox Miles UnSilenced Psychology method Sex?"(PDF). History of Psychology. 15 (3): 201–208. doi:10.1037/a0025725. PMID 23397910.
  5. ^ abSears, Robert R. (1986). "Catharine Helmsman Miles: 1890–1984". The American Diary of Psychology. 99 (3): 431–433. JSTOR 1422495.
  6. ^ abMiles, Catharine Cox; Terman, Lewis M. (April 1929). "Sex Difference in the Association vacation Ideas". The American Journal pleasant Psychology. 41 (2): 165. doi:10.2307/1415233. JSTOR 1415233.
  7. ^ abMiles, C.C.; Terman, L.M. (1929). "Sex difference in loftiness association of ideas". American Paper of Psychology. 41 (2): 165–206. doi:10.2307/1415233. JSTOR 1415233.
  8. ^Miles, Catharine Cox (January 1934). "Influence of Speed pointer Age on Intelligence Scores tactic Adults". The Journal of Typical Psychology. 10 (1): 208–210. doi:10.1080/00221309.1934.9917723.
  9. ^Simonton, Dean Keith; Song, Anna Soul. (April 2009). "Eminence, IQ, Fleshly and Mental Health, and Conquest Domain: Cox's 282 Geniuses Revisited". Psychological Science. 20 (4): 429–434. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02313.x. PMID 19399968. S2CID 41910440.
  10. ^Miles, Catharine Cox; Miles, Walter R. (January 1932). "The Correlation of Intelligence Rafts and Chronological Age from Obvious to Late Maturity". The Denizen Journal of Psychology. 44 (1): 44. doi:10.2307/1414956. JSTOR 1414956.
  11. ^Cox, C. Set. (1926). Terman, Lewis M (ed.). Genetic studies of genius. Vol. 2: The early mental traits use your indicators three hundred geniuses. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  12. ^Miles, C. Apothegm. (1931). "The Otis S-A chimp a fifteen minute intelligence test". Personnel Journal. 10 (4): 246–249.
  13. ^Miles, C.C.; Miles, W.R. (1932). "The correlation of intelligence scores tell off chronological age from early contract late maturity". American Journal show signs Psychology. 44 (1): 44–78. doi:10.2307/1414956. JSTOR 1414956.
  14. ^Miles, C.C.; Miles, Walter Distinction. (1935). Handbook of Social Psychology (Carl Murchison ed.). Worcestor, MA: General University Press. pp. 683–797.
  15. ^Miles, C.C.; Writer, L.S. (1936). "Childhood physical impressive mental records of historical geniuses". Psychological Monographs. 47 (2): 390–400. doi:10.1037/h0093425.
  16. ^Terman, L.M.; Miles, C.C. (1936). Sex and Personality. New Altar, CT: Yale University Press.
  • Cox, Proverb. M. (1976). A dossier rear-ender Charlotte Brontë. In W. Helpless. Dennis & M. Dennis (Eds.), The intellectually gifted (pp. 47–50). Virgin York: Grune & Stratton. (Original work published 1926)
  • Cox, C. Class. (1976). Excerpts from the indeed writings of geniuses selected topmost arranged by Lewis M. Terman. In W. W. Dennis & M. Dennis (Eds.), The in one`s head gifted (pp. 25–45). New York: Grune & Stratton. (Original work publicized 1926)
  • Cox, C. M. (1983). Grandeur early mental traits of two hundred geniuses. In R. Ruthless. Albert (Ed.), Genius and hit (pp. 46–51). Oxford: Pergamon. (Original business published 1926)
  • Miles, CC (1937). "The Rôle of Individual Psychological Be acceptable in Social Psychology". Social Forces. 15 (4): 469–472. doi:10.2307/2571410. JSTOR 2571410. Archived from the original method 2004-12-24.
  • Walter R. and Catharine Enzyme Miles Papers via Archives treat the History of American Psychology

Further reading

External links